INTRODUCTION

Wetlands are complex ecosystems due to various interactions between their biotic and abiotic components (Ramamurthy and Rajakumar, 2014), where changes in wetlands components can cause complex interaction between ecological processes (Lagos et al., 2008). More specifically, sensitive communities, which are phytoplankton communities, these groups are sensitive to any changes in their aquatic ecosystems (Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2014).

Phytoplankton is made up of all plant plankton, i.e. Photosynthetic microorganisms (Jeffrey et al., 1997) drifting in bodies of water. These are cells, colonies or filaments whose movements depend essentially on those of the aquatic environment and / or which are mobile but whose movements are relatively restricted in the body of water. Phytoplankton populations are made up of a considerably wide range of groups (Jeffrey and Vest, 1997). They are important primary producers in the base of the food chain, constitute a vital link and an important biological indicator of the water quality (Laskar and Gupta, 2009). The study of phytoplankton distributions and groupings appears to be a useful approach to apprehend and understand the links between the functioning of ecosystems and the composition of assemblages as well as their possible future modifications under the effect of environmental changes (Barton et al., 2013). What’s more studying the composition, diversity, and abundance of a water body’s phytoplankton communities can be used as a tool to monitor and evaluate its water quality (Pawar et al., 2006).

Phytoplankton populations vary with seasons and depend on both physical and chemical factors of water (Hamaidi-Chergui et al., 2014), when Bharati et al. (2020) showed that the abundance of different phytoplankton communities showed significant correlations with temperature, depth, transparency, pH and alkalinity. In addition, seasonal variation in environmental conditions also influences the composition and succession of phytoplankton assemblages (Gailhard, 2003; Peng et al., 2012; Song et al., 2015; Saoudi et al., 2015; Djabourabi et al., 2017; Draredja et al., 2019). Salm et al. (2009) believe that understanding the community structure of phytoplankton, the seasonal evolution of plankton communities in response to environmental changes will contribute to the conservation and future management of these valuable and climate-sensitive systems, it may be used as an indicator of water quality (Saha et al.,2000). Furthermore, the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton is an ecological indicator of the nutritional status of aquatic ecosystems and helps to assess the level of eutrophication (Weysi et al., 2014).

Several recent studies in Algeria have been the subject of the phytoplankton community in different marine ecosystems and also wetlands as Lella Fatma and Zerzaim (Khellou et al., 2018), in Boukourdane Lake (Arab et al., 2019), in Salt wetland (Ben Bayer et al., 2019), in reservoirs of Ghrib and Harreza in semi-arid zone of Algeria (Djezzar et al., 2020).

Sebkhet Bazer is one of the wetlands of international importance, but this wetland has not been the subject of any studies on the temporal variability of phytoplankton or the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on these types of organisms. For this our study made the objective to determine the phytoplankton diversity and the abiotic factors responsible for their distribution, this is the first report on the phytoplankton composition. The main objectives of the present study wereto establish the inventories of phytoplanktons and to understand the distribution of micro-algae groups according to season or function of the biotic and physicochemical parameters of the environment. Through this study, we can also see the general state of this ecosystem and the level of humanization in this protected area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1.  Site description

This study was carried out in the Salt Lake (Sebkhet) of Bazer (36 ° 05’N and 5 ° 45›E, 917 m), (Algeria) which covers 4.379 ha and is located in the Eco-wetland complex of the Setif region (northeastern Algeria). This wetland is classified as a Ramsar site since 2004 by the criterions 2 and 6, among others reasons for its importance of wintering for Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna).

The site is characterized by the presence of halophilic groups represented by Salicornia fruticosaSuaedafruticosa, and Atriplex glaucaand also by the presence of aquatic vegetation such as Typha angustifolia and Phragmites spwich play important biological role for the maintenance of nesting aquatic birds

2.2.  Climatic characteristics

SebkhetBazer is belonging to the semi-arid bioclimatic region with a cold winter. The annual average temperature of Sebkhet Bazer is 15.1°C in the last fourteenyears. where, January is the coldest month when the average monthly temperature is 5°C and the hottest month is August with average temperature of 26.6°C. The annual precipitation is 318.26 mm, being spring considered as the rainiest season, particularly in March, when the highest precipitation (83.3 mm) is recorded.

2.3.  Collection of samples

Our work was carried out during the period from March 2014 until March 2016, of which two sampling points were chosen. The microalgae were collected using a plankton net (silk net with a mesh less than 1 mm in diameter. A constant volume (20 liters of natural surface water) is filtered. They were fixed immediately with an aqueous solution. of formaldehyde at 10% and kept in the dark to reduce the risk of too rapid depigmentation, to each liter of filtered water is added 20 ml of Sournia (1986) formaldehyde, the net method is useful for determining the composition species (Ccme, 2011), the water bottles must be referenced by labels, indicating the station number, date and temperature.

2.4.  Identification of phytoplankton

In the laboratory, a few drops of concentrated lugol are added, which gives the sample a slight brown coloration (to fix the sample) (Druart et al., 2005). Samples of phytoplankton that are attached to the lugol should be kept in dark and cool containers (between 4 and 10°C) (Druart and Rimet, 2008). The identification of phytoplankton genera is carried out using an optical microscope, this technique is the oldest and it allows the observation of sedimented samples, the identification and counting of phytoplankton cells (Broutin et al., 2010). These microscopes allow, thanks to their technology, to achieve a very precise identification of phytoplankton by its external morphology. They have been used to differentiate species of the genus (Guiselin et al., 2009; Sazhin et al., 2007). It is also necessary to study the abundance of “key” species, namely the predominant and / or harmful and / or potentially toxic species. The predominant and / or harmful species and / or likely to be of interest are, for example: Alexandrium (Gonyaulax), Ceratium, Chrysochromulina popylepis, Corymbellus aureus, Coscindiscus wailesii, Dinophysis acuminata, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gyrodinium aureolum, Lepidodinium viride, Noctiluca scintillans, Phaeocystis, Prorocentrum balticum, Prorocentrum minimum, Prymnesium parvum, Pseudonitzschia.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1.  Taxonomic composition of the microalguale flora identified

According to Karr (1991), knowledge of the taxonomic composition of communities is a necessary source of information. Indeed, the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton communities makes it possible to establish real tools for the diagnosis and evaluation of pollution, such as diatomic indices (Descy and Coste, 1990).

During our study cycle and the observation of the morphological characters of the phytoplankton genera collected in the sebkhet of Bazer, we identified 33 genera belonging to 6 main classes. Table 1 represents the systematic list of phytoplankton collected according to the classification established by Bourrelly (1970), Sournia (1986). We also used a website (algaebase.org) specializing in the systematics of microscopic alges.

Table 1: Systematic list of identified phytoplankton

Analyzes of the phytoplankton data identified show that the microalgal flora is composed of 33 genera belonging to 13 orders, 18 families and 6 classes which are: Zygophylaceae, Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Diatomophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dinophyceae. In terms of number of species, the Diatomophyceae class is the most important with 12 species or 37.50%, 5 families or 27.77% and 3 orders or 23.08%.

This class is followed by the class of Chlorophyceae which is presented by 9 genera (28.12%), 6 families (33.33%) and 3 orders (23.03%). The class of Cyanophycea is also well presented by 5 genera (15.62%), 3 families (16.66%) and 3 orders (23.08%) where 4 species are toxic, we speak of Lyngbyasp, Oscillatoria sp, Microcystis spand Anabaena sp. The class of Dinophyceae is represented by 2 toxic genera; it’s Gonyaulax and Alexandrium. On the other hand, Zygophylaceae and Euglenophyceae are weakly presented by 2 genera for each (Table 2).

Table 2: Percentages by number of genera, orders and families of the identified phytoplankton classes

The study of phytoplankton stands is very informative in determining the level of community structuring and in evaluating the efficiency of the functioning of an aquatic ecosystem (Reynolds et al.,1981; Aleya et al.,1994). A few studies have been the subject of an exhaustive inventory with an adaptation of the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton in Algerian wetlands, where Bensafia et al (2020) found that the monthly fluctuations of the water physicochemical parameters show variations that follow a seasonal rhythm and are strongly dependent to the abiotic and biotic factors as phytoplanctons in the region  of national Park of El Kala.

Moreover, the specific composition of diatoms communities of Reghaïa Lake and their temporal and spatial distribution were influenced by the change of parameters of the medium (ElHaouati et al.,2015).

The identified number of phytoplankton at sebkhetbazer is important comparing with other wetlands, but it is less important than the number found in the lake of Megarine ( it is divided into two small lakes namely Lella Fatma andZerzaim), where khellou et al(2018) have found a total of 58 spices belonging to 20 family, 14 orders, 5 classes and to 3 phylums (Bcillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Cyanobacteria). A total of 23 species of Cyanophyceae, 21 species of Bacillariophyceae, 12 species of Mediophyceae, 1 species of Coscinodiscophyceae, and 1 species of Euglenophyceae

Moreover, a total of 162 phytoplankton species were recorded in Boukourdane Lake. The taxa belonging to Chlorophyceae exhibited the highest number of species (55), followed by Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) (47), Cyanophyceae (17), Euglenophyceae (15) and the less diverse Dinophyceae (10), Zygnematophyceae (10), Chrysophyceae (6), Xanthophyceae (1), and Coccolithophyceae (1) (arab et al.,2019).

Chaibi (2014), at the level of Aurès and the northern Sahara show the microalguale flora identified is composed of 97 genera, the class of Bacillariophyceae includes the largest proportion of the phytoplankton population with 44 genera (i.e. 46%), followed by Dinophyceae with 12 genera (i.e. 13%) and 11 genera (i.e. 11%) for Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae.

3.1.1.  Toxic species

Among the phytoplankton species identified, a percentage of 21.21% represents environmental toxicity, from which 7 genera identified in Bazer’ssebkhet are recognized as potentially toxic; in which 3 genera belonging to the Dinophyceae while 4 genera belonging to the Cyanophyceae.According to Paulmier (1994), some proliferating dinophyceae can also be toxic, such as Alexandriumcatenella, this microalgae has two flagella, it has toxic potential (Vila et al., 2001; Turki and Balti, 2005; Frehi et al., 2007 and Herzi, 2013). Cyanobacteria of the genus Oscillatoria and Lyngbya are regularly suspected during poisoning by cyanobacterial blooms. The toxins of Oscillatoria have a hepatic tropism (Silvano, 2005; Benoufella et al., 1995), while the toxins produced by Lyngbia have a nervous and skin tropism (Silvano, 2005; Benoufella et al., 1995), these two genera are dermatotoxic (Bourelly, 1985). However, the majority of the genera of cyanophyceae in eastern Algeria are recognized as toxic potential (Nasri, 2001; Bensafia, 2005; Nasri et al.,2007; Ouartsi et al., 2011), according to Silvano (2005), the development of watercourses, their pollution by human activity and summer temperatures are all ecological and climatic factors that seem essential in the display of toxic cyanobacteria blooms, these blooms can have impacts important socio-economic and ecological (Hoagland et al., 2002; Hoagland and Scatasta, 2006).

3.2.  Relationship of environmental factors and phytoplankton

In order to better understand the relationship between phytoplankton and their environments, statistical analyzes have been carried out by several authors, such as the PCA (Liu et al., 2014), this analysis is used by (Becker et al., 2009) for determine the spatial and temporal changes in physical and chemical conditions, as well as the CCA The CCA was carried out to analyze the relationship between phytoplankton and environmental variables, as well as to better understand the determining factors that control the structure of the community of the phytoplankton (Li et al., 2013). In our study, a factorial correspondence analysis (CFA) was carried out on all the observations in order to identify assemblages of phytoplankton species (Figure 1). The first two axes of the factorial correspondence analysis (CFA) describe 28.47%+24.45% of the total inertia. Axis 1 reflects the seasonal distribution of species so that axis 2 presents a decreasing gradient of number of presence and occurrence hence the species cluster 1 (Phacus sp., Microcystis sp) are the rare species presented only once so that cluster 5 species (Oscillatoria sp.*, Lyngbya sp.* Achnantes sp. Synedra sp. Caloneis sp. Navicula sp. Carteria sp. Pandorina sp. Tetracystis sp. Eudorina sp.) Are most abundant and constant throughout the year.

Figure 1: Factorial analysis of phytoplankton groups

The plan of the first two axes clearly shows the seasonal variability of species as a function of these abundances. This projection made it possible to separate the species into 6 distinguished groups, in addition, the clusters identified on the dendrogram carried out from the Hellinger distance were represented in the form of ellipses on the graphic representation of the AFC (Figure 2 ) which indicates congruent groupings between the two analyzes and thus reinforcing their power.

Ascending hierarchical classification (AHC) (Figure 2) highlights the seasonal distribution and appearance of phytoplankton assemblages

a. Constant annual assemblage : this group is well represented in Figure 2 where these species are present throughout the year, they are considered as constant phytoplankton elements characteristic of the region, this is the 5^th cluster represented by: Oscillatoria sp.^*, Lyngbya sp.^*, Achnantes sp., Synedra sp., Caloneis sp., Navicula sp., Carteria sp., Pandorina sp., Tetracystis sp. and Eudorina sp.

b. Spring blend : This period is represented by Cluster 2 and Cluster 3; the species abundant in this period are mainly: Amphora sp., Euglena sp., Sphaerocystis sp., Phormidium sp., Cocconeis sp., Oocystis sp., Stauroneis sp., Cosmarium sp., Pinnularia sp., Peridinium sp. * and Anabaena sp. *

c. Summer assemblage: According to AFC analysis, the 4^th cluster is the most abundant in this period, represented by Nitzchia sp., Coelastrum sp., Gyrosygma sp. and Gonyaulax sp.^*.

d. Autumnal assemblage : presented by cluster 6 species which are mainly: Chlamydomonas sp., Pleurosigma sp., Closterium sp., Scenedesmus sp., Frustulia sp.

e. Winter assemblage: this period is represented by cluster 1 species which are: Phacus sp., Microcystis sp.

Figure 2: Hierarchical distribution of phytoplanktonic assemblages

The study of the projection of phytoplankton species has allowed us to see the importance of Cluster 5, in addition, several clusters meet in the center, this richness is expressed by the provision of favorable conditions presented especially in the spring and summer period of which the average temperature in the site is 15.36C °, this value is ideal for the presence and development of the microalgal community. What is already confirmed by Neal et al (2006) and Kennedy and Whalen (2007), according to them, the important seasonal patterns of phytoplankton were observed in spring and summer, related to an increase in temperature and weather of residence, these parameters influence the biomass, composition and succession of plankton in aquatic systems (Salmaso and Braioni, 2008; Song et al., 2015). From our results, cyanophytes appear constant in the spring and summer groups such as Anabaena sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Lyngbya sp. These species are marked by its tolerances to high summer temperatures, of which its numbers are high in this period, in addition, the low temperature conditions do not allow phytoplankton to develop and / or to physically remain in the water column.The presence of cyanophytes is especially marked in cluster 5 of annual assemblages and that of spring groupings such as Phormidium sp., Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria sp., Microcystis sp., and Anabaena sp., the distribution of these species is closely related to the High pH, ​​while Boussadia et al (2015) asserts that cyanobacteria and cyanophyte biomass positively correlates with pH values, as well as Rantala et al. (2006) and Ye et al.  (2009) reported that pH values ​​are generally higher during a flowering period due to photosynthesis by algae and cyanobacteria. Bazer’ssebkhet is characterized by an average pH of 7.78 which provides phytoplankton with a favorable environment for its existence and development. These results are consistent with Garg et al. (2010). In addition, Carlsson and Graneli (1999), suggest that the dominance of Diatomophyceae is associated with environments rich in nutrient salts, and a basic pH, which our results justify, where the average pH of the summer period is 8.33, this period is marked by the abundance of diatomophyceae such as Nitzchiaspand Gyrosygmasp, in addition, the presence of diatoms such as Achnantes sp., Synedra sp., Caloneis sp., Navicula sp. From the distribution of phytoplankton assemblies that we have obtained, we can say that these groupings reflect the interaction and influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of these groupings, therefore these assemblages having one or more biogeochemical functions in common (Falkowski et al., 2003; Hood et al., 2006), they do not necessarily correspond to a taxonomic classification of organisms, but they are groupings of species according to their physiology, morphology or other factors that respond to the same way to recurrent variations in environmental conditions (Estrada, 2000). So the set of environmental conditions (biotic and abiotic) in which the species or group is able to develop and survive defines the ecological niche of the latter (Cadier, 2016). According to Peng et al (2012) and Song et al (2015) the annual and seasonal dynamics of the composition and abundance of phytoplankton and dominant species were probably controlled by the environmental conditions of the habitat. Just as the analysis of phytoplankton species has shown different ecological preferences in various environmental conditions, hence the succession of the composition of these groups seems to be strictly associated with the temporal variation of environmental factors (Zhao et al., 2015). In addition, various physicochemical parameters are responsible for the growth and reproduction of phytoplankton; among these parameters pH, water temperature, light conditions, nutrient concentrations and predation by zooplankton and fish (Salmaso and Braioni, 2008; Yu, 2010; Song et al., 2015).

Sebkhet Bazer was characterized by an important phytoplankton diversity (represented by 33 genera 18 families and 6 classes), a significant relationship was found between these groups and their ecological and aquatic environments. This study confirmed that the composition, structure, and distribution of these phytoplankton communities were related to environmental factors such as climate, which has contributed to seasonal diversification.

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Director and the agents of the conservation of the forests El Eulma, Ain Oulmene and Setif for providing facilities for the work.

Reference

Aleya, L., Desmolles, F., Bonnet, M.P., Devaux, J., 1994. The deterministic factors of the Microcystis aeruginosa blooms over a biyearly survey in hypereutrophic reservoir of Villerest (Roanne, France). Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 99, 1–26.

Arab, S., Hamil, S., Rezzaz, M.A., Chaffai, A., Arab, A., 2019. Seasonal variation of water quality and phytoplankton dynamics and diversity in the surface water of Boukourdane Lake, Algeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12–29.

Barton, A.D., Pershing, A.J., Litchman, E., Record, N.R., Edwards, K.F., Finkel, Z.V., Kiørboe, T., Ward, B.A., 2013. The biogeography of marine plankton traits. Ecology letters 16, 522–534.

Becker, V., Huszar, V., Crossetti, L., 2009. Responses of phytoplankton functional groups to the mixing regime in a deep subtropical reservoir. Hydrobiologia 628(1), 137–151.

Ben Bayer, W., Casse, N., Mohamed Bey, B.H., Denisc, F., Pasqualini, V., Vaugoyeau, M., Carusob, A., 2019. First characterization of physicochemical and biological variables of the salt wetland dayatMorsli in Oran (Algeria). Journal of African Earth Sciences 160, 103652.

Benoufella, F., Vezie, C., Laplanche, A., Bertru, G., 1995. Detection of the toxicity of cyanobacterial straims by Artemia Salina and Microtox assays., 1^st international Congress on Toxic Cyanobacteria - Roskilde, Danemark,  20–24.

Bensafia, L., 2005. Les peuplements des cyanobacteries de deux plans d’eau douce (Lac Oubeire, Tanga). Inventaire et dynamique spatio-temporelle. Magister thesis. University of Annaba, 31.

Bensafia, N., Djabourabi, A., Touati, H., Rachedi, M., Belhaoues, S., 2020. Evolution of physicochemical parameters and trophic state of three Park National of El-Kala water bodies (North-east Algeria).Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 24(2), 249–263.

Bharati, H., Deshmukhe, G., Das, S.K., Kandpal, B.K., Sahoo, L., Bhusan, S., Singh, Y.J., 2020. Phytoplankton Communities in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura (North-East India)–A Ramsar Site, International Journal of Bioresource and Stress Management 11(1), 001–007.

Bourrelly, P., 1970. Ordre des euglenales. In: Les Algues d’eau douce. Boubee et Cie, Paris, 123–159.

Boussadia, M.I., Sehli, N., Bousbia, A., Ouzrout, R., Bensouilah, M., 2015. The effect of environmental factors on Cyanobacteria Abundance in Oubeira Lake (Northeast Algeria). Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology Fisheries and Hydrobiology 10(14), 157–168.

Broutin, M., Caffier, G., Madi, F., Artigas, L.P., 2010.Convention CNRS - Ifremer. Synthèse bibliographique sur les techniques de suivi de l’abondance, biomasse, et diversite du phytoplancton en eaux marines, 15.

Cadier, M., 2016. Diversite des communautés phytoplanctoniques en relation avec les facteurs environnementaux en mer d’Iroise : approche par la modélisation 3D. Doctorat thesis. University of Bretagne Occidentale, 338.

Carlsson, P., Graneli, E., 1999. Effects of N:P:Si ratios and zooplankton grazing on phytoplancton communities in the northern Adriatic Sea. II. Phytoplankton species composition. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 18, 55–65.

CCME, 2011. Manuel des protocoles d’échantillonnage pour l’analyse de la qualité de l’eau au Canada. In CCME, Publications- Eau, 211.

Chaibi, R., 2014. Connaissance de l’ichtyofaune des eaux continentales de la region des Aures et du Sahara septentrional avec sa mise en valeur.  Doctorat thesis es.Sciences. University of Mohamed Khider–Biskra, 212.

Descy, J.P., Coste, M., 1990. Utilisation des diatomées benthiques pour l’évaluation de la qualité des eaux courantes. Contrat CEE B-71 -23. Rapport final, Facultés Universitaires N.D. d e la Paix, Namur - CEMAGREF Bordeaux, 64.

Djabourabi, A., Touati, H., Sehili, N ., Boussadia, M., Bensouilah, M., 2017. Study of the physicochemical parameters of water and phytoplankton in Lake Tonga (wetland of the national park of El Kala, North East of Algeria). International Journal of Biosciences 11(3), 213–226.

Djezzar, M., Mortillaro, J.M., Doumandji, S.E., Meziane,T., 2020. Links between introduced fish and zooplanktonic and zoobenthic food sources in the food webs of two reservoirs of a semi-arid zone in Algeria.  African Journal of Aquatic Science, 1–12.

Draredja, M.A., Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Gofart, A., Abadie, E., Laabir, M., 2019. Seasonal variations of phytoplankton community in relation to environmental factors in a protected meso-oligotrophic southern Mediterranean marine ecosystem (Mellah lagoon, Algeria) with an emphasis of HAB species. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191–603. 

Druart, J.C., Rimet, F., 2008. Protocoles d’analyse du phytoplancton de l’INRA : Prélèvement, denombrement et biovolumes.INRA-Thonon, Rapport SHL (283), 96.

Druart, J.C., Rolland, A., Tadonleke, R., 2005. Evolution du phytoplancton du Leman. Rapport Commun International. Prot. Eaux Leman contre pollution. Compagne 2004, 79–89.

El Haouati, H., Arab, A., Tudesque, L., Lek, S.,Samraoui, B., 2015. Study Of The Diatoms Of Reghaia Lake, Northern Algeria. Revue d’Ecologie (Terre et Vie) 70(1), 44–57.

Estrada, M., 2000. Persistence and variability of phytoplankton assemblages. Implications for monitoring. In: Fisher J, Baretta J, Colijn F, Flemming, N. (Eds.), Bio-ecological Observations in Operational Oceanography. EuroGOOS Publication, Southampton, 14–15.

Falkowski, P.G., Laws, E.A., Barber, R.T., Murray, J.W., 2003. Phytoplankton and their role in primary, new, and export production. In: Fashman, M.J. (Ed.), Ocean biogeochemistry: a synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Springer, Berlin, New York, Paris, 99–121.

Frehi, H., Coute, A., Mascarell, G., Perrette-Gallet, C., Ayada, M., Kara, M.H., 2007. Dinoflagelles toxiques et/ou responsables de blooms dans la baie d’Annaba (Algerie). C.R. Biologies 330, 615−628.

Gailhard, I., 2003. Analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des populations microalgales côtières observees par le “Réseau de surveillance du Phytoplancton et des phycotoxines”. Thèse Univ. Mediterranee, Aix-Marseille II, 293.

Garg, R., Rao, K.R.J., Uchchariya, D., Shukala, G., Saksena, D.N., 2010. Seasonal variation in water quality and major threats to Ramsaar reservoir, India. African Jounal of Environement Science and Technologie 4(2), 061–076.

Guiselin, N., Courcot, L., Artigas, L.F N., Le Jeloux, A., Brylinski, J.M., 2009. An optimised protocol to prepare Phaeocystisglobosa morphotypes for scanning electron microscopy observation. Journal of Microbiological Methods 77, 119–123.

Hamaidi-Chergui, F., Errahmani, M.B., Hamaidi, M.S., Benouaklil, F., Kais, H., 2014. Preliminary survey of phytoplankton Lakhal Lake Dam (Southeast Of Algeria) By Using Palmer And Nygaard’s Algal Index. Lakes, Réservoirs And Ponds 8(2), 122–136.

Herzi, F., 2013. Caracterisation chimique des exsudats du dinoflagellé marin toxique Alexandrium catenella et de la diatomée marine Skeletonemacostatum et étude de la réponse proteomique d’Alexandriumcatenella en conditions de stress metalliques. Doctorat thesis . University of Toulon, 308.

Hoagland, P., Anderson, D.M., Kaoru, Y., White, A.W., 2002. The economic effects of harmful algal blooms in the United States: Estimates, Assessment Issues, and Information Needs. Estuaries 25, 819–837.

Hoagland, P., Scatasta, S., 2006. The economic effects of harmful algal blooms. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J., (Eds.), Ecology of harmful algae. ecology studies series. Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 391–402.

Hood, R.R., Laws, E.A., Armstrong, R.A., Bates, N.R., Brown, C.W., Carlson, C.A., Chai, F., Doney, S.C., Falkowski, P.G., Feely, R.A., Friedrichs, M.A.M., Landry, M.R., Moore, J.K., Nelson, D.M., Richardson, T.L., Salihoglu, B., Schartau, M., Toole, D.A., Wiggert, J.D., 2006. Pelagic functional group modeling: progress, challenges and prospects. Deep sea research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 53, 459−512.

Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., Wright, S.W., 1997. Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods. Monographs on oceanographic methodology. UNESCO, Paris, 449−559.

Jeffrey, S.W., Vest, M., 1997. Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures. In Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., Wright, S.W. (Eds.), Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography.  UNESCO, Paris , 37−84.

Karr, J.R., 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1(1), 66−84.

Kennedy, J.T., Whalen, S.C., 2007. Seasonality and controls of phytoplankton productivity in the middle Cape Fear River, USA. Hydrobiologia 598, 203–217.

Khellou, M., Laifa, A., Loudiki, M., Douma, M., 2018. Assessment of phytoplankton diversity in two lakes from the northeastern Algerian Sahara. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16(3), 3407–3419.

Lagos, N.A., Paolini, P., Jaramillo, E., Lovengreen, C., Duarte, C., Contreras, H., 2008. Environmental processes, water quality degradation, and decline of waterbird populations in the Rio Cruces wetland, Chile. Wetlands 28(4), 938–950.

Laskar, H.S., Gupta, S., 2009. Phytoplankton diversity and dynamics of Chatla floodplain lake, Barak Valley, Assam, North East India-a seasonal study. Journal Of Environmental Biology 30(6), 1007−1012.

Li, Q.H., Chen, L.L., Chen, F.F., Gao, T.J., Li, X.F., Liu, S.P., Li, C.X.,  2013. Maixi river estuary  to the baihua reservoir in the maotiao river catchment: phytoplankton community and environmental factors. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 31(2), 290–299,

Liu, J., Wei, C.F., Xie, Q., Zhang, W.H., 2014. Capacities of soil water reservoirs and their  better regression models by combining “merged groups PCA” in Chongqing, China. Acta. Ecologica Sinica 34(1), 53–65.

Nasri, H., 2001. Etude de la dynamique spatio- temporelle et des paramètres de croissance de Cyanoprocaryotes toxiques dans un milieu d’eau douce. Cas du barrage Chaffia. Magister thesis. University of Annaba.

Nasri, H., Bouaicha, N., KaidHarche, M., 2007. A new morphospecies of Microcystis sp. forming bloom in the Cheffia Dam (Algeria): seasonal variation of microcystin concentrations in raw water and their removal in a full-scale treatment plant. Environmental Toxicology 22, 347–356.

Neal, C., Hilton, J., Wade, A.J., Neal, M., Wickham, H., 2006. Chlorophyll-a in the rivers of eastern England. The Science of the Total Environment 365, 84–104.

Ouartsi, A., Saoudi, A., Chekireb, D., 2011. Etude des efflorescences toxiques a cyanobacteries dans le barrage Mexa, Algerie. Revue de Microbiologie Industrielle Sanitaire et Environnementale 5(1), 81–100.

Paulmier, G., 1994. Les dinophycees pelagiques et benthiques du golfe de gascogne sud de la bretagne aarcachon. Annalaes de la societe des sciences naturelles de la charente maritime. la rochelle, 357.

Pawar, S.K., Pulle, J.S., Shengde, K.M., 2006. The study on phytoplankton of Pethwadaj Dam, Taluka kandhar, District-Nanded, Maharashtra. Journal of Aquatic Biology 21, 1–6.

Peng, S.T., Qin, X.B ., Shi, H.H ., Zhou, R., Dai, M.X ., Ding, D.W., 2012. Distribution and controlling factors of phytoplankton assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay during spring and summer.  Marine Pollution Bulletin 64(5), 941–948.

Ramamurthy, V., Rajakumar, R., 2014. A study of avifaunal diversity and influences of water quality in the udhayamarthandapuram bird sanctuary, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, Indi. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3(1), 8851–8858.

Rantala, A., Rajaniemi-Wacklin, P., Lyra, C., Lepisto, L., Rintala, J., Mankiewiez-Boczek, J., Sivonen, K., 2006. Detection of microcystin-producing  cyanobacteria  in  Finnish  lakes  with genus-specific  microcystin synthetase  gene  E  (mcyE)  PCR  and  associations  with  environmental factors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 6101–6110.  

Reynolds, C.S., Jaworski, G.H.M., Cmiech, H.A., Leedale, G.F., Lund, J.W.G., 1981. On the annual cycle of the blue-green alga Microcystis Aeruginosa Kütz. Emend. Elenkin. Philos. Trans. Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 293, 419–477.

Saha, S.B., Bhattacharya, S.B., Chaudhary, A., 2000. Diversity of phytoplankton of sewage pollution brackish water Tidal ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Biology 21, 9–14.

Salm, C.R., Saros, J.E., Martin, C.S., Erickson, J.M., 2009. Patterns of seasonal phytoplankton distribution in prairie saline lakes of the northern great plains (USA). Saline Systems 5, 1–13.

Salmaso, N., Braioni, M.G., 2008. Factors controlling the seasonal development and distribution of the phytoplankton community in the lowland course of a large river in northern Italy (River Adige).  Aquatic Ecology 42(4), 533–545.

Saoudi, A., Barour, C., Brient, L., Ouzrout, R., Bensouilah, M., 2015. Environmental parameters and spatio-temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria in the reservoir of Mexa (Extreme North-East of Algeria). Advances in Environmental Biology 9(11), 109–121.

Sazhin, A.F., Artigas, L.F., Nejstgaard, J.C., Frischer, M.E., 2007. The colonization of two Phaeocystis species (Prymnesiophyceae) by pennate diatoms and other protists: a signi Wcant contribution to colony biomass. Biogeochemistry 83, 137–145.

Silvano, J., 2005. Toxicité des cyanobactéries d’eau douce Vis-a-vis des animaux domestiques et sauvages. Doctorat thesis. Ecole National Veterinaire De Lyon, 113.

Song, L., Yang, G., Wang, N., Lu, X., 2015. Relationship between environmental factors and plankton in the Bayuquan Port, Liaodong Bay, China: a five-year study. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 34, 654–671.

Sournia, A., 1986. Atlas du phytoplancton marin : Volume 1 - Cyanophycees, Dictyochophycees, Dinophycees, Raphidophycees. Editions du CNRS, 219.

Turki, S., Balti, N., 2005. Detection of toxic Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech in clam production zone of North Lake and Channel, Tunisia. Harmful Algae 28, 1–2.

Vila, M., Camp, J., Garces, E., Maso, M., Delgado, M., 2001.High resolution spatio-temporal detection of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in confined waters of the NW Mediterranean. Journal of Plankton Research 23, 497–514.

Weysi, K., Nourmoradi, H., Samarghandi, M.R., Samadi, M.T., 2014. Investigation on the trophic status of Ekbatan reservoir: A Drinking water supply reservoir in Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences 14(1), 64–68.

Ye, W., Liu, X., Tan, J., Li, D., Yang, H., 2009.Diversity and dynamics of microcystin  producing  cyanobacteria in China’s third largest lake, Lake Taihu. Harmful Algae 8, 637–644.

Zhao, H.J., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Yuan,L., Peng, D., 2015. Relationship between phytoplankton and environmental factors  in landscape water supplemented with reclaimed water. Ecological Indicators 58, 113–122.