Research Article

KNM 1638 - A High Yielding Gall Midge Resistant Early Duration PJTSAU Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Variety Suitable for Telangana State

Sreedhar Siddi, Ch. Damodar Raju, Y. Chandramohan, T. Shobha Rani, V. Thirumala Rao, S. Omprakash, N. Rama Gopala Varma, R. Jagadeeshwar, T. Kiran Babu, D. Anil, M. Sreedhar, R. Umareddy, P. Jagan Mohan Rao, M. Umadevi and P. Raghu Rami Reddy

  • Page No:  725 - 733
  • Published online: 31 Jul 2022
  • DOI : HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/1.2022. 2807

  • Abstract
  •  siddu.35@gmail.com

The promising high yielding rice genotype, KNM 1638 is a medium slender, early duration (120–125 days) and photo insensitive culture with high yield potential (7356 kg ha-1) having resistance to gall midge and leaf blast, and moderately resistant to neck blast with better adaptability.  This rice culture KNM 1638, a derivative of the cross JGL 11727×JGL 17004 was released through State Varietal Release Committee on the name of Kunaram Vari 2 for Telangana state during the year 2021 as an alternate variety to BPT 5204.  It has semi-dwarf plant type with moderate tillering, semi-erect flag leaf, all plant parts green, semi-compact well exerted semi-erect attitude of branching panicle, straw-colored awn less grains and its grain classified as a translucent medium slender grain. In the overall performance, KNM 1638 recorded mean productivity of 7356 kg ha-1 in the eight years of trials with 12.8% increase over the check varieties. It has good grain, cooking and eating quality, and good marketing facility as quality-wise it recorded 63% head rice recovery and 21.47% amylose content with soft gel consistency and moderate gelatinization temperature. The rice variety, KNM 1638 is suitable for cultivation during kharif, late kharif and rabi seasons throughout Telangana State with higher yield, better pest and disease resistance and good cooking quality in comparison to the check varieties.

Keywords :   Amylose, blast, gall midge, KNM 1638, early duration

  • INTRODUCTION

    More than half of the world’s population use rice as an essential staple food (Rao et al., 2016; Nili et al., 2017; Poli et al., 2018; Suman et al., 2021) and Asian countries produce and consume 80% of the world’s rice. Globally rice is cultivated in an area of 162.06 million ha, with 755.47 million t paddy production and 4.66 t ha-1 productivity (Anonymous, 2019). Among rice growing countries in the world, rice is cultivated about 44.1 million ha with a production of 165.3 million t in India (Kesh et al., 2021).  In Telangana State, rice is the principal crop extensively cultivated during both kharif and rabi seasons. Rice is grown in an area of 2.01 million ha with a production of 7.43 million t and an average productivity of 3694 kg ha-1 in Telangana State (Indiastat, 2020). Like yield, rice grain quality has now become a primary consideration for producers and consumers to get the premium price in the market. Milled rice of rice variety, BPT 5204 fetches premium market price in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh of Southern India. However, BPT 5204 which is popularly cultivated in the Telangana state during the rainy season is susceptible to the gall midge biotype 3, and also requires more water to complete its crop growth period as it is a long duration (145–150 days) variety results in increasing the cost of cultivation. Important agronomic trait, earliness (120–125 days) is one of the objectives of the modern breeders, has an advantage of varieties to suit various cropping situations, especially where the water supply is a limited period of time (Bagchi et al., 2012; Hazell, 2010; Bueno and Lafarge, 2017). However, traditional rice varieties take about 160–200 days (De Datta, 1981) to mature and are highly susceptible to climatic events. Hasan (2014) also reported that growing short duration rice is one of the most important ways of mitigating methane emission, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.  Climate change is imminent and the world is already experiencing extreme weather events threatening world food production (Wassmann et al., 2009). Many adverse factors, such as diseases and pests, pose a serious threat to rice production. Among these threats, rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) is considered to be one of the most destructive pests after borers and planthoppers (Bentur et al., 2016) in the world.  In India also, it is rated as the third most important pest of rice in terms of spread, severity of the damage, and yield loss (Bentur, 2015). It is most prevalent in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Manipur, and in certain niches of West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh of India (Chelliah et al., 1989; Rajamani et al., 1998; Samui et al., 2004; Sinha et al., 2017). Gall midge biotype 3 is one of the important insect pests in the Northern Telangana Zone of Telangana State which results in considerable yield losses as affected tillers bear no panicles or grains. In contrast, the maggots fail to induce gall formation on the resistant varieties and perish in 2–4 days after hatching. Hence, breeding for gall midge resistant varieties has been an important strategy with more yield and acceptable grain quality (Henrichs and Pathak, 1981; Sreedhar, 2018). Keeping in view of the above gaps, breeding program was taken up with the objective of developing an early duration (120–125 days) high yielding gall midge resistant medium slender rice genotype without compromising quality.


  • MATERIALS AND METHODS

    The present investigation was carried out at  Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Kunaram  from kharif season(June–November) 2012 to kharif season(June–November) 2021 with an aim to develop high yielding gall midge resistant early duration  rice variety including good quality  by pedigree method of breeding  selecting two parents, JGL 11727 and JGL 17004.  The female parent, JGL 11727 is noted for its good cooking quality with medium slender grains, high yielding potential, medium duration, as well as having gall midge (biotype-3) resistance developed at Rice Research Scheme, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jagtial. JGL 17004 is a short-statured medium slender non-lodging variety with good quality and is selected for its extra earliness and multiple gall midge resistance developed at Rice Research Scheme, RARS, Jagtial used as male parent.  Field screening by planting the test materials to coincide with high pest populations has been a successful technique. The gall midge resistance can be easily transferred to the desirable genotypes due to its simple inheritance. These two parents were crossed and raised the F1 and crossed plants were confirmed, based on the characters at RARS, Jagtial from the year 2010 to 2011.  The seeds of F2were collected by Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Kunaram and F2 was evaluated with approximately 10,000 population during  kharif season (June–November) 2012.  The farm is geographically situated at 18.6oN Latitude, 79oE Longitude and an elevation of 231 m AMSL. The soil is silty loam with pH 7.43 and EC 0.26 dS m-1. Pedigree method of breeding was followed in the F3, F4, and F5 populations by selecting single plants for the characters, such as medium slender grain, semi-dwarf, long panicle, with a greater number of grains.  Simultaneously, segregating material was left unprotected and allowed for gall midge incidence and the susceptible plants were removed leaving the resistant plant in the field and the selection was practiced only among the gall midge resistant plants. This process was continued up to F6 till these lines attained uniformity in height, panicle length, grain type along gall midge resistance. The breeding line with Index No. KNM 1638 resulted from the bulk harvest of F6 family during kharif season 2014 and it was subsequently evaluated in the yield trials from  kharif season 2014 to kharif season 2016 at Agricultural Research Station, Kunaram.


  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    During kharif and rabi seasons, KNM 1638 recorded a mean grain yield of 7133 kg ha-1 and 7660 kg ha-1 over commercial check, JGL 3844 in the station trials, respectively from  kharif season (June–November) 2014 to kharif season (June–November) 2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Kunaram. During kharif season (June–November) 2016 in Multi-Location Trials, KNM 1638 showed a mean grain yield of 7618 kg ha-1 over the commercial check, RNR 15048 (6517 kg ha-1) in six locations, Jagtial, Kampasagar, Kunaram, Rajendranagar, Rudrur and Warangal, and 16.9% yield increase was noticed. Minikit trials were conducted over 328 locations in Telangana State with KNM 1638 from kharif season 2018 to rabi season 2020–21 and recorded 6737 kg ha-1 yield, and 10.5% yield increase was manifested over the checks. In the overall performance, KNM 1638 recorded a mean productivity of 7356 kg ha-1 in eight years of all the trials with 12.8% increase over the check varieties (Table 1).


    Table 1: Summary yield data of the rice variety, KNM 1638 in the station, MLT and minikit trials

    During the kharif seasons (June–November) of 2019 and 2020, agronomy field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Kunaram, to know the response of three rice cultures KNM 733, KNM 1638, and RNR 15048 with four different levels of nitrogen (75%, 100%, 125%, 150% N ha-1 of recommended dose) in transplanted rice.The pooled interaction effect of grain yield of pre-released rice cultures with different nitrogen levels was found to be significant. The highest grain yield of 7316 kg ha-1 was observed with rice culture KNM 1638 with the application of 150% N ha-1 recommended dose followed by 125% N ha-1 recommended dose with rice culture KNM 733 (7165 kg ha-1) and 100% N ha-1 recommended dose with rice culture KNM 1638 (7074 kg ha-1) (Table 2).


    Table 2: Interaction effect of different nitrogen levels on grain yield (kg ha-1) of rice variety, KNM 1638 during kharif season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2020)

    Similar experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Kunaram during the rabi seasons of (November–April) 2018–19 and 2019–20. The pooled interaction effect of grain yield of pre-released rice cultures with different nitrogen levels was found to be also significant. Table 3 showed that the highest grain yield (8524 kg ha-1) was observed with rice culture KNM 1638 with the application of 150% N ha-1 recommended dose followed by 150% N ha-1 recommended dose with rice culture KNM 733 (8495 kg ha-1). Similarly, grain yield was significantly increased with increasing N levels in rice (Rajesh et al., 2015; Ramulu et al., 2020).


    Table 3: Interaction effect of different nitrogen levels on grain yield (kg ha-1) of rice variety, KNM 1638 during rabi season (Pooled data of 2018–19 and 2019–20)

    The proposed promising high yielding rice genotype, KNM 1638 is a medium slender and photo-insensitive culture with high yield potential (7356 kg ha-1) having resistance to gall midge and leaf blast, and moderately resistant to neck blast with better adaptability and good cooking quality. It has been released through State Varietal Release Committee on the name of Kunaram Vari 2 for Telangana state during kharif season 2021 as an alternate variety to BPT 5204. It is a relatively short duration variety, with a total growth duration of about 120–125 days with non-shattering in nature. It is suitable for both kharif and rabi seasons. This is a semi-dwarf rice variety with moderate tillering, erect flag leaf, all plant parts green, semi-compact well exerted semi-erect attitude of branching panicle, and straw-colored awn less grains culture. It has around 336–380 ear bearing tillers m2-1 and the height is in the range of 100–105cm with a strong culm having an internodal thickness of 6–7 mm.  The panicle length ranged from 23.7–27.6 cm with 248–312 grains per panicle. The panicle is compact in nature showing full exertion without any awns and sterility. The grains are with a 1000 grain weight of 14−15 g without any abdominal white in milled rice resembling BPT 5204 (Table 4).


    Table 4: Distinguishing morphological characters of rice variety, KNM 1638

    Table 4: Continue...

    Its grain is classified as translucent medium slender grain with a Length and Breadth (L/B) ratio of 2.92. Quality wise, it recorded 70.6% milling and 63.0% head rice recovery which is in similar to the findings of Oko et al. (2012); Robin et al. (2019) who reported a significant positive association of head rice recovery with milling outturn. It has intermediate amylose content (21.47%), soft gel consistency with good cooking and eating quality. Upon cooking, the volume expansion ratio (VER) was found to be 4.2 (Table 5).


    Table 5: Quality characters of the rice variety, KNM 1638

    It has been becoming popular and accepted by the farmers, millers, and consumers replacing BPT 5204 due to its high yield potential, early duration, gall midge and blast resistance, and non-shattering with good head rice recovery and good cooking and eating quality.

    KNM 1638 has resistance to gall midge biotype 3 as it recorded nil damage against biotype 3 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial during the kharif seasons (June–November) of 2015 and 2016 (Table 6). It also showed nil damage against biotype 1 across the locations in National Screening Nurseries (NSN) for the kharif seasons (June–November) of 2015 and 2016 (Table 7 and 8).


    Table 6: Reaction of rice variety, KNM 1638 in Gall midge Screening Trial during kharif season 2015 and kharif season 2016 at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jagtial

    Table 7: Reaction of rice variety; KNM 1638 (IET 26245) against various gall midge biotypes in gall midge national screening trial during kharif season 2015

    Table 8: Reaction of rice variety, KNM 1638 (IET 26245) against various gall midge biotypes in gall midge national screening trial during kharif season 2016

    Rice varieties Kangwenqingzhan and ARC 5984 are highly resistant to gall midge, and Kangwenqingzhan and ARC 5984 have been detected to carry the gall midge resistance genes Gm6 and Gm5, respectively (Li et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Vijaya Lakshmi et al. (2006) also reported that genes, Gm3, Gm4 and Gm8 confer resistance against 4M gall midge biotype. KNM 1638 was also screened in multiple resistant screening trials against blast at the university level during the kharif seasons (June–November) of 2016, 2017 and 2018, wherein it was found to be resistant to leaf blast, moderately resistant to neck blast (Table 9 and 10).


    Table 9: Screening of rice variety, KNM 1638 against leaf blast/neck blast and sheath rot during kharif season 2016 and rabi season 2016–17 at Rice Research Centre, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, PJTSAU

    Table 9: Continue...

    Table 10: Screening of rice variety, KNM 1638 for resistance to key diseases under field conditions during kharif season 2017, and Uniform Blast Nursery (UBN) during rabi season 2017–18 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial

    Under AICRIP, culture KNM 1638 was screened in NSN against all the epidemic diseases viz., blast, bacterial blight, sheath rot, sheath blight, brown spot and rice tungro disease under artificially inoculated conditions during kharif seasons (June–November) of 2015 and 2016, and found to be moderately resistant to Blast (Table 11 and 12).  PJTSAU Rice KNM 1638 with higher yield, pest and disease resistance with superior cooking quality in comparison to the check, BPT 5204 was released during 2021. This variety can be cultivated as a transplanted crop during kharif, late kharif, and rabi seasons wherever early maturing rice varieties are cultivated throughout Telangana State.


    Table 11: Reaction against major diseases of rice variety, KNM 1638 (IET 26245) in National screening nurseries during kharif season 2015

    Table 12: Reaction against major diseases of rice variety, KNM 1638 (IET 26245) in National screening nurseries during kharif season 2016

    Table 12: Continue...
  • CONCLUSION

    Rice variety, KNM 1638 has been widely accepted by the farmers, millers, and consumers due to its high yield potential, earliness (120-125 days), gall midge and blast resistance, and non-shattering with good head rice recovery and good cooking and eating quality.


  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors sincerely thank to Associate Director of Research, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial for providing the support.


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Cite

1.
Siddi S, Raju CD, Ch Y, ramohan , Rani TS, Rao VT, Omprakash S, Varma NRG, Jagadeeshwar R, Babu TK, Anil D, Sreedhar M, Umareddy R, Rao PJM, Umadevi M, Reddy PRR. KNM 1638 - A High Yielding Gall Midge Resistant Early Duration PJTSAU Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Variety Suitable for Telangana State IJBSM [Internet]. 31Jul.2022[cited 8Feb.2022];13(1):725-733. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1643

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