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Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Drought Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Variety Satyabhama in Mid Central Table Land Zone of Odisha

Tiryak Kumar Samant

  • Page No:  871 - 876
  • Published online: 07 Dec 2017
  • DOI : HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJBSM/2017.8.6.1846b

  • Abstract
  •  tksamant_2003@yahoo.co.in

The study was carried out through front line demonstrations during kharif season of 2015 and 2016 in mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective  to evaluate the performances of  improved practice of drought tolerant high yielding variety (HYV) rice Satyabhama as compared to the local check (Khandagiri). Satyabhama matured at 110 days, recorded higher plant height (103.76 cm), effective tillers plant-1 (12.44), length of panicle (23.2 cm), filled grains panicle-1 (129.72), spikelet fertility (92.29%) and 1000 grain weight (23.4 g)  than Khandagiri. The same also produced grain yield 40.83 q ha-1 which is 40.94% higher than  Khandagiri with harvest index (46.72%) and production efficiency (37.12 kg ha-1 day-1). The HYV rice Satyabhama  gave higher gross return Rs. 63493.9 ha-1 with a benefit-cost ratio 1.98, profitability (Rs. 85.92 ha-1 day-1) and additional net return Rs. 13424.15 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and the study showed  that horizontal spread of area  from 1.0 ha during 2015 to 25 ha  during  2016 under improved  technology with technological gap, extension gap and technology index; 19.17 q ha-1, 11.86 q ha-1, 31.95% respectively. The growth and yield performance of Satyabhama was found to be satisfactory in spite of occurrence of frequent dry spells during different crop growth stages. Thus the existing variety Khandagiri may be replaced by Satyabhama for higher productivity, income and drought tolerant capacity.

Keywords :   Drought tolerant, Economics, Front line demonstration, rice, Satyabhama, technology gap

  • Introduction

    Rice is the predominant crop of Odisha with a total coverage of 4.2 mha which is about 65% of the total cultivable area of the state. Area under rice crop in Angul district of the state is 0.08 mha with a productivity of 19.3 q ha-1 which is 6% higher than the state (Anonymus 2014). Non adoption of high yielding varieties and improved production technology are key factors for low productivity of rice. In future, there is no scope for further expansion in rice area and to achieve this goal, conventional breeding methods need to be supplemented with the innovative techniques.  Achieving self-sufficiency in rice production and maintaining price stability are important political objectives in low-income countries because of the importance of this crop in providing national food security and generating employment and income for low-income people (Ghosh et al., 2009). Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on the climate of India: a favorable southwest summer monsoon is critical in securing water for irrigating Indian crops. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoon results in water shortage, resulting in below-average crop yield. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan (Mall et al., 2017). Among the effects of impending climate change, drought will have a profound impact on crop productivity in the future. Response to drought stress has been studied widely, and the model plant Arabidopsis has guided the studies on crop plants with genome sequence information viz., rice, wheat, maize and sorghum. Since the value of functions of genes, dynamics of pathways and interaction of networks for drought tolerance in plants can only be judged by evidence from field performance (Shanker et al., 2014). Developing drought tolerant rice cultivars is considered to be one of the most effective and economic approaches to ensuring food security (Verma and Srivastava, 2004). A large portion about 70% of area under rice in India is drought prone rainfed, but it has not been exploited to full potential due to lack of suitable drought tolerant or resistant varieties (Kumar et al., 2012). There is hardly any scope to replace the rice crop considering the precipitation of less than 1500 mm rainfall during the monsoon season. However, multiple cropping system using short duration rice varieties and intensive input management may enhance the land use efficiency and increase the production level if sowing of rabi crops are made in time (Khanda et al., 2005). Upland rice cultivars with drought avoidance (through deep root systems) and drought recovery abilities are preferred. Upland rice in India is grown during the wet season (June-Sept). Selecting a suitable variety which matches the rainfall duration will be a major non monetary input in upland cultivation (Singh, 2012).

    Adoption gap could be minimized and yield could be enhanced through Front Line Demonstration (FLDs). FLD indicates demonstration of proven technologies which includes improved production technologies, high yielding varieties in farmer’s field in different agro ecological situations against the farmer’s practices. By conduction of front line demonstrations on farmer’s field there was significant increase in knowledge level of the farmers and majority of farmer’s showed high level of satisfaction about demonstrated technologies (Raj at el., 2014). A vast gap has been observed between knowledge production and knowledge urtilization. Front line demonstrations on rice including recently released early maturing, high yielding, fine grained, diseased resistant varieties in farmers field may be helpful (Singh et al., 2015).

    Keeping in view such problems an attempt was made with an objective to evaluate growth and yield parameters of newly released promising drought tolerant high yielding variety rice cv. Satyabhama through front line demonstration for its suitability in the existing farming situation for substitution old variety ( Khandagiri) with higher productivity and income.


  • Materials and Methods

    The  study was carried out through front line demonstrations on farmers field during kharif season of 2015 and 2016  in Sandhapal village of Angul district in mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the  performances of  improved technology of drought tolerant high yielding variety(HYV) rice Satyabhama as compared to the local check (Khandagiri). The study site lies in 84058΄to 85021΄ E longitude and 20058΄to 21004΄N latitude and average elevation of 300 m above msl. The mean maximum and mean minimum   temperature registered in the year was 32.3 oC and 13.4 oC respectively. Total of 694.8 and 707.4 mm rainfall received during 2015 and 2016 respectively during the cropping period. The soil of the study area was slightly acidic in reaction (pH-5.3 to 5.7), loam in texture with medium organic carbon content (0.53 to 0.56%), medium in nitrogen (277 to 282 kg ha-1), low in phosphorus (9.5 to 11.4 kg ha-1) and medium in potassium (177 to 186 kg ha-1) content(Jackson, 1973). Fifteen different farmers in 6.0 hectare of land cultivated the HYV rice cv. Satyabhama with recommended package of practices. They were supplied with seed and fertilizers. Besides farmers practice of HYV rice cv. Khandagiri was selected as local check. The crops were direct sown during 4th week of June and harvested during 1st week of October. Observations on different growth and yield parameters were taken and economic analysis was done by calculating cost of cultivation, gross return, net return and B: C ratio. Final crop yield (grain & straw) were recorded and the gross return were calculated on the basis of minimum support price of the produce. Harvest index is the relationship between economic yield and biological yield (Gardner et al., 1985). It was calculated by using the following formula:

    Harvest index (%) =Economic yield/Biological yield×100

    For the introduction of the technology, different extension approaches through regular field visit, farmers training programmes & interpersonal communication were made. Trainings on farmers and farm women were conducted for the awareness among the farmers and field days were celebrated for the horizontal spread of technology. Also leaflets and pamphlets on improved package of practices of rice cultivation were distributed among the farmers in the village. Further study on technology gap, extension gap and technology index were calculated by the formula as suggested by Samui et al. (2000).

    Technology gap=Potential yield-Demonstration yield

    Extension gap=Demonstration yield-Farmers yield

    Technology index (%) =Technology gap/Potential yield×100

    Profitability of the system was calculated by dividing the net return ha-1 in a sequence by 365 days. The production efficiency value was calculated by dividing the total grain production ha-1 with total duration of crop (Patil et al., 1995).Tabular analysis involving simple statistical tools like mean was done by standard formula to analyze the data and draw conclusions and implications (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

    Details of Technology: The high yielding variety “Satyabhama”(CR Dhan 100) was released from ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack in 2012 as a suitable variety for upland ecosystem. It is a short duration variety having average yield of 47.0 q ha-1, potential yieldof 60.0 q ha-1 and matures in 110 days. It is drought tolerant, non lodging, having early thresh ability and long slender grains. It is moderately tolerant to leaf blast, rice tungo virus, glume discoloration; resistance to leaf folder, stem borer and rice whorl maggot. Keeping all these in view the variety “Satyabhama” has been recommended for cultivation in Odisha.


  • Results and Discussion

    3.1.  Days to maturity, plant height, no of tillers plant-1, effective plant-1 and effectivity of tiller

    The improved practice (Satyabhama) showed 15 days delayed in maturity (110 days) with taller plant height (103.76 cm), higher no of tillers plant-1 (16.08), effective tillers plant-1 (12.44), and effectivity of tiller (77.36%) (Figure 1) as compared to farmers practice (Khandagiri) which was attributed to their genetic variability and varietal difference. The differential


    response of tillering in the genotype could be attributed to its genetic potentiality.  These results are in agreement with Sarker at el. (2013).

    3.2.  Length of panicle, total grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility and 1000 grain weight

    Analysis of data (Figure 2) indicated that higher length of panicle (23.2 cm), no of total grains panicle-1 (140.56), filled grains panicle-1 (129.72), spikelet fertility (92.29%) and 1000 grain weight (23.4 g) were produced in Satyabhama than the local check owing to reduced no of unfilled spikelet. This finding was in corroborated with findings of Pandey and Shukla, 2015.


    3.3.  Grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and production efficiency

    Results of front line demonstrations indicated that the improved practice of HYV Satyabhama (Table 1) produced grain yield 40.83 q ha-1 which is 40.94% higher than Khandagiri. This may be attributed to higher panicle production, larger panicles and high tillering capacity in some cases (C.R.R.I, 2014). The trend of straw yields of two varieties was similar with grain yield. Satyabhama recorded the higher straw yield (46.57 q ha-1) with harvest index (46.72%) and production efficiency (37.12 kg ha-1 day-1) in comparison to Khandagiri attributing to high vegetative biomass production (C.R.R.I, 2013). This might be due to the production of higher number of effective tillers plant-1 and number of grains panicle-1. These results were in conformity with Tripathi at el. (2013).

    3.4.  Tolerance to drought

    Data on Table 2 indicated that during the year 2016, the crop received a total rainfall of 707.4 mm during its growth period. A total of 12 dry spells were occurred during different crop growth stages. There were long dry spells during seedling, booting and milking stages for a period of 7, 9 and 7 days respectively. Short dry spells also found during tillering, panicle initiation, heading  flowering and maturity stages. In spite of occurrence of frequent dry spells during different crop growth stages, the growth and yield performance were satisfactory might be due to its genetic potentiality. During the year 2015, the crop received a total rainfall of 694.8 mm during its growth period. Long dry spells occurred during seedling, tillering, flowering milking and maturity stage while comparatively short dry spells occurred during rest of growth stages. Still the HYV Satyabhama performs well due to its drought tolerant capacity. The results of this study were in good agreement with the earlier findings in different rice genotypes by Kumar et al. (2013).

    3.5.  Technology gap, extension gap and technology index

    Technology gap: The demonstrations in both the year recorded technology gap of 20.5 q ha-1 during 2015 which was 14.9% higher than that during 2016 (Table 3). This may be attributed to the differential soil fertility status and variable climatic conditions (Mandavkar et al., 2012). Technology gap indicated the needs to create awareness among the farmers through various extension means for adoption of HYV Satyabhama for reducing the gap.


    Extension gap: Higher extension gap (12.82 q ha-1) was found during 2016 and lower (10.9 q ha-1) was in 2016 (Table 3) which may be due to higher yield of rice variety in demonstration plots. More and more use of latest production technologies with high yielding variety will subsequently change this alarming trend of galloping extension gap. The new improved technologies will eventually lead to the farmers to discontinue the old varieties and to adopt new variety. Similar results were reported by Sharma et al. (2011).

    Technology index: The Technology index was reduced from 34.17 to 29.73% during 2015 to 2016 (Table 3) which showed the higher feasibility of the demonstrated technology of HYV Satyabhama in farmers field. This finding was in corroboration with the findings of Sujathamma et al. (2015).

    3.6.  Technology transferred

    For varietal introduction, different extension approaches were made. The variety Satyabhama could successfully out yield the old variety and recorded eye catching higher yield in uplands. The area under Satyabhama expanded horizontally to 25 ha during kharif, 2016 (Table 4) from a mere one hectare


    demonstration during first year (2015) of introduction and adopted by 150 farmers in 40 villages. Due to efforts of KVK, scientists field visit, interpersonal communication and individual efforts of the farmers, the variety Satyabhama could spread in the district. Thus the FLD might have a positive impact on farming community in the district over local check. Similar results were also reported by Mondal et al. (2005) in rice crops. Front line demonstration also produced significant positive results and provided the extension functionaries an opportunity to demonstrate the productivity potential and profitability of rice variety and latest production technology under actual farming situations. FLD programmes are very effective in changing attitude, skill and knowledge of improved package of practices of high yielding varieties of rice (Singh et al., 2015).

    3.7.  Economics

    An analysis on economics (Table 5) revealed that Satyabhama recorded higher gross return Rs. 63493.9 ha-1 with a benefit-cost ratio 1.98 and additional net return Rs.  13424.15 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice. The improved practice also recorded higher profitability (Rs.  85.92 ha-1 day-1) than local practice. Mitra et al., 2014 also reported the advantages of growing newly introduced variety over the traditional with higher return, the variation in net return and benefit-cost ratio may be attributed to the variation in the price of agri inputs and produce. These finding are also similar with the findings of Nirmala et al. (2012).


    3.8.  Reason of low yield of rice at farmer’s field

    Delay sowing due to irregular onset of monsoon and non availability of quality seed of suitable variety cause yield reduction in rice. Injudicious application of fertilizers, hand weeding and improper crop geometry by the farmers also cause the lower yield in rice. Inadequate technology transfer to the farmers and insufficient extension services for transfer of technology are some of the factors for low yield of rice in farmer’s field. Small and marginal farmers are resource poor having less risk bearing ability and do not dare to invest in the costly input which is aobstacle  in adoption of proven technology.

    3.9.  Farmers feedback

    The HYV Satyabhama produced higher yield with more tillering capacity and resistance to drought. Overall, the performance of FLD results suggested that it has the potential for increase   knowledge of the farmer as well as showed high level at satisfaction about technology.


  • Conclusion

    Thus, existing HYV of rice Khandagiri may be replaced with HYV Satyabhama because of higher productivity, income and drought tolerant capacity. HYV Satyabhama was found to be suitable since it fits well to the existing farming situation and also it had been appreciated by the farmers.


  • Acknowledgement

    The author is thankful to the Director, ICAR-Agriculture Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Zone-VII, Jabalpur and Director, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha for providing the logistics and funding to carry out the study.


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Cite

1.
Samant TK. Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Drought Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Variety Satyabhama in Mid Central Table Land Zone of Odisha IJBSM [Internet]. 07Dec.2017[cited 8Feb.2022];8(1):871-876. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1052

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