Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit
Kiran Thakur, Girish Sharma, Paramjeet Sajwan, Deepika and Heerendra Prasad
Page No:
040 - 043
Published online: 28 Feb 2019
DOI:
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283
Abstract
thakur.kanu@ymail.com
The present investigation entitled evaluation of diversity for tree growing habit in seedling raised pecan nut [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] was carried out to document the available genetic variability in pecan nut germplasm and to select elite pecan nut genotypes possessing superior attributes and quality traits. During the study, data was recorded on seventy pecan nut trees growing in experimental field orchard of Department of Fruit science YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan (HP). Remarkable variability was observed in seedling pecan nut trees for tree growth characters viz., tree growth habit, density of branching and shoot colour of one year old shoot. In this study 12 (17.14%) seedlings had upright growth habit, 33 (47.14%) were semi-upright and 25 (35.72%) were of spreading growth habit. 5 (7.14%) seedling trees possessed sparsely dense branching, 32 (45.72%) exhibited medium and 33 (47.14%) had highly dense branching. Twenty six (37.14%) seedling trees possessed greenish brown colour of one year old shoot, 38 (54.29%) had medium brown and 6 (8.57%) had reddish brown colour of one year old shoot.
The pecan nut [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] is one of the better known hickories. It is also famous as ‘queen of nuts’ and belongs to the family Juglandaceae. Pecan is native to North America and also exists in Texas and North of Mexico (Andersen and Crocker, 2012). Pecan nut thrives best in the areas which are considered somewhat lower in altitude and hotter for walnut cultivation (Sparks, 2000). In India pecan is very important temperate nut crop (next to walnut and almond) of colder areas covering an area of 1.14 thousand hectares with an annual production of approximate 0.19 thousand metric tonnes and is widely grown in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir (NHB, 2015). Pecans were introduced from USA (eight cultivars) by Punjab government in 1937 in India and were planted at Govt. Fruit Farm, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, which became major source of planting material in Himalayan region.. Pecan nut has the recognition of being called “queen of nuts” because of its excellent kernel characteristics. Pecan having (flavor, 65-70% fats, 8-10% proteins, high in phosphorous, potassium and vitamins A, C, E and B complex) is superior to walnut in quality and thrives best in areas which are considered lower and hotter for walnut cultivation (Singh et al., 2011). Though introduced in Palmpur, Himachal Pradesh, way back in this nut crop could not assume commercial status for the want of suitable cultivars among orchardists, also this nut crop has huge potential for commercialisation being hardy to climatic vagaries and having export value. The motivation behind this study is to examine the degree of diversity in seedling pecan nut trees which has been planted in Nauni region of Solan district in Himachal Pradesh. These results will provide guidance about effective management, conservation, and improvement of pecan nut resources. In addition, the recent trends of expanding agriculture, increased urbanization and gigantic population growth are adding continuously to the extinction and genetic erosion of valuable pecan nut germplasm. Thus, there is a crucial need for exploration and conservation of the existing high quality pecan nut germplasm growing in this region.
The present study was conducted on pecan nut seedling selections planted in Experimental Farm of Department of Fruit science, YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan to estimate the extent of genetic variability and relationship by studying tree morphological character.
Materials and Methods
The present investigation was carried out during the years 2015-2017 in Experimental Farm of Department of Fruit science, YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan. The study area is situated at 30.85° north latitude and 77.17° east longitude at an altitude of about 1300 meters above sea level.
Seventy plants of seedling origin genotypes with divergent tree characters were selected. Codes were allotted to each genotype (as STN stands for seedling tree number). Regular visits were made and observation on different tree characters i.e., tree growth habit, density of canopy and one year old shoot colour were made at different stages of plant growth using different pecan nut descriptors given by UPOV (The International union for the protection of new varieties of plants) guidelines (UPOV, 2014).
The growth habit of all the pecan selections and cultivars was studied in the month of January during dormancy. Based on visual observations on spread of side branches and their competition with the central leader, each individual tree was grouped in one of the following categories:
On the basis of visual observations, colour of one year old shoots in each case was recorded in January. The categories made were greenish brown, medium brown and reddish brown. Number of secondary branches per metre shoot length of primary scaffold branches was counted in all the four directions of the tree to work out the average density of branching, and accordingly various selections/cultivars under study were categorized as sparse, medium, dense.
Results and Discussion
Tree characteristics are very important as far as diversity is concerned. In this study seedling pecan nut trees surveyed from different locations showed variability in tree characters.
The tree growth habit varied and was observed as upright, semi-upright and spreading. Out of 70 pecan nut genotypes 12 (17.14%) seedling origin pecan nuts had upright type of tree habit, 33 (47.14%) had semi-upright type of tree growth habit while remaining 25 (35.72%) had spreading tree growth habit. Maximum (47.14 %) were semi-upright in growth habit. Findings for tree growth habit are in agreement with the research observations by Grauke and Thomson (1996), Sharma (1977), Kaushal and Sharma (2005), Hensz et al. (1983), Sparks (1995) who also observed similar type of growth habit in seedling population as well as in the pecan cultivars. Recently, Rani et al. (2018) studied diversity in the tree growth habit in Jammu Province and the present data is very similar to their work. In walnut Akhiani et al. (2017) also recorded similar variation in growth habit, whereas semi spreading nature was more prevalent than other growth types (Table 1).
The accessions showed variation in density of branching i.e., sparse, medium and dense. Out of seventy seedling origin pecan nut genotypes 6 (8.57%) were having sparse, 32 (45.72%) were having medium dense and 33 (47.14%) were having dense branching. These results are similar to the results of Lone (2017), who observed that out of 150 seedling genotypes of walnut maximum (65) were having dense canopy (Table 2).
One year old shoot colour was categorised as greenish brown, medium brown and brown with greenish brown observed in 26 (37.14%) seedling origin pecan nut, medium brown in 38 (54.29%) genotypes and brown in 6 (8.57%) genotypes. Out of 70 seedling pecan nut trees maximum were having medium brown. In a similar study Sharma (1977) observed that colour of one year old shoot varied from medium brown, greenish brown to brown in walnut seedling trees growing in Himachal Pradesh.
Conclusion
To assess the relative magnitude of the existing genetic diversity is necessary to build a data base by putting all the information together with other selection parameters for the improvement of nut yield. The extent of genetic variability indicates the potential of exercising selection of a particular genotype. Accessing variability/diversity for tree growth traits in pecan nut populations (seedling origin) and subsequent identification of evaluated superior genotype is a must for further breeding programme in pecan nut.
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Table 1: Variation in growth habit, shoot colour, density of branching, regularity in bearing in seedling population of pecan
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Table 2: Effect of cutting length on the growth parameters of Populus deltoids under nursery conditions
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Table 1: Variation in growth habit, shoot colour, density of branching, regularity in bearing in seedling population of pecan
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Table 1: Continue...
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Table 2: Effect of cutting length on the growth parameters of Populus deltoids under nursery conditions
1 / 4
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Table 1: Variation in growth habit, shoot colour, density of branching, regularity in bearing in seedling population of pecan
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Table 1: Continue...
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Table 2: Effect of cutting length on the growth parameters of Populus deltoids under nursery conditions
1 / 4
2 / 4
Table 1: Variation in growth habit, shoot colour, density of branching, regularity in bearing in seedling population of pecan
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Table 1: Continue...
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Table 2: Effect of cutting length on the growth parameters of Populus deltoids under nursery conditions
Reference
Akhiani, S., Afshari, H., Parvaneh, T., 2017. Evaluation of some phenological and pomological characteristics of selected Walnut genotypes from Shahroud-Iran. Journals of Nuts 8, 21–30.
Andersen, P.C., Crocker, T.E., 2012. The pecan tree. EDIS Publication HS982, 17. Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Grauke, L.J., Thompson, T.E., 1996. In Fruit Breeding vol. III: Nuts, Janick, J., Moore, J.N., (Ed.), Purdue Univ. Press, USA, 185–239.
Lone, I.A., 2017. Estimation of variability and genetic parameters for kernel quality traits (protein and oil content) in the seedling raised natural walnut (Juglans regia L.) population in the Kashmir valley. International Journal of plant sciences 12, 258–261.
NHB, 2015. NHB database. http//www.nhb.gov.in
Rani, S., Sharma, A., Wali V.K., Kour, K., Sharma, M., Gupta, R., 2018. Diversity for tree growing habit in the natural population of pecan nut (Carya illinoensis K.) in Jammu Province, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Current Sciences 7, 2761–2767.
Sharma, R. K., 1977. Studies on genetic variability in respect to tree and fruit characters in seedling pecan. M.Sc Thesis, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Solan.
Singh, D., Kumar, K., Sharma, S.D., Sharma, V.K., 2011. Selection of indigenous pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch.] Trees for better nut and kernel quality characters. Journal of Hill Agriculture 2, 85–89.
Sparks, D., 2000. Fruit set in pecan Carya illinoensis. Acta Horticulturae 527, 35–48.
UPOV., 2012. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability, pecan nut (Carya Illinoensis K.) UPOV-TG/Pecan (Proj.10). International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV), Geneva, 26.
Cite
[1] Thakur, K., Sharma, G., Sajwan, P., Deepika, , Prasad, H. 2019. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit . International Journal of Economic Plants. 6,1(Feb. 2019), 040-043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23910/ijep/2019.6.1.0283 .
(1) Thakur, K.; Sharma, G.; Sajwan, P.; Deepika, ; Prasad, H. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit . IJEP 2019,6, 040-043.
Thakur, K., Sharma, G., Sajwan, P., Deepika, , Prasad, H. (2019). Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit . International Journal of Economic Plants, 6(1), 040-043. https://doi.org/10.23910/ijep/2019.6.1.0283
Thakur, K.; Sharma, G.; Sajwan, P.; Deepika, ; Prasad, H. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit . International Journal of Economic Plants, v. 6, n. 1, p. 040-043, 28 Feb. 2019.
Thakur,Kiran, Girish Sharma, Paramjeet Sajwan, Deepika , Heerendra Prasad .2019. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit . International Journal of Economic Plants 6(1), 040-043. https://doi.org/10.23910/ijep/2019.6.1.0283 .
Thakur, K., Sharma, G., Sajwan, P., Deepika, , Prasad, H. (2019) " Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit ", International Journal of Economic Plants, 6(1), pp. 040-043. doi: 10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 .
[1] K. Thakur, G. Sharma, P. Sajwan, Deepika, and H. Prasad, " Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit ", IJEP, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 040-043,Feb. 2019.
Thakur, K., G. Sharma , P. Sajwan , Deepika , and H. Prasad . (2019) " Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit ". International Journal of Economic Plants, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 2019, pp. 040-043, doi:10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 .
Thakur,Kiran, Girish Sharma, Paramjeet Sajwan, Deepika , and Heerendra Prasad .." Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit ". International Journal of Economic Plants 6, no. 1 (28 Feb, 2019): 040-043. Accessed February 9, 2022. http://www.pphouse.org/ijep-article-details.php?art=188.
1. Thakur K, Sharma G, Sajwan P, Deepika , Prasad H. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit IJEP [Internet]. 28Feb.2019[cited 8Feb.2022];6(1):040-043. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijep-article-details.php?art=188
@article{Thakur_2019, doi = {10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 }, url = { HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 }, year = 2019, month = {Feb}, publisher = {Puspa Publishing House}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {040--043}, author = { Kiran Thakur, Girish Sharma, Paramjeet Sajwan, Deepika , Heerendra Prasad and }, title = { Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit }, journal = {International Journal of Economic Plants} }
TY - JOUR DO - 10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 UR - HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJEP/2019.6.1.0283 TI - Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Seedling Raised Pecan Nut (Carya illinoensis K.) for Tree Growth Habit T2 - International Journal of Economic Plants AU - Thakur, Kiran AU - Sharma, Girish AU - Sajwan, Paramjeet AU - Deepika, AU - Prasad, Heerendra AU - PY - 2019 DA - 2019/Feb/Thu PB - Puspa Publishing House SP - 040-043 IS - 1 VL - 6
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Overview
The book is the compilation of comprehensive study of vegetable and tuber crops Worldwide. In the changing scenario of climate, it is well understood that merely agronomic management practices starting from sowing to nutrient, water, pest and disease management will not be able to produce potential harvest. In present days, growth limiting factors like drought, heat, cold shock, chilling stress, salinity, metal stress, allelopathy have posed alarming threat against successful crop production. So, physiological basis of crop growth and productivity must be well versed to formulate appropriate counter measures to overcome such constraints. Moreover, the productivity of the crop is guided by various physiological processes like efficient seedling growth, photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates, sucrose accumulation, growth regulators, ABA, ethylene, brassinoid and balanced mineral nutrition etc. Authors have tried to concentrate all these aspects in lucid manner reviewing the up-to-date research investigation. The book widely covers solanaceous crops like chilli, potato, tomato and eggplant; cucurbit vegetables- squash, pumpkin, cucumber, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, muskmelon and watermelon; cole crops- spinach, coriander, parsley, celery, lettuce; root and tuber crops- carrot, turnip, beet root, radish, turmeric, colocasia, cassava, yam, sweet potato; bulb crops- onion, garlic, leeks; leguminous crops- cluster bean, snap bean, green peas, broad bean; other crops like okra, sparagus, shallot, rhubard. It will definitely be a rare book to the global readers.
The book Research Advances in Vegetable Crops is an outstanding contribution of the authors in the field of advancement of the vegetable researches all over the World. The book entitles from the seed germination and its necessity of establishment in the new environment where physiological responses are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Priming is a simple technique that not only helps in proper germination but aid in seedling establishment. Phonotypical and physiological responses of different vegetable crops are of significant importance in relation to factors like nutrients, salinity, disease-pest attacks. Physiological and biochemical basis of tolerance to salinity is very important that may help in the evaluation and selection of pipeline hybrids and parents lines using a novel technique. Biotic factors are major constraints in crop production, so proper management strategies and control measures must be taken for potential outcome. In this book, a special emphasis was given on food value and food chemistry of different vegetable crops. Major aspects like nutritional value of fresh vegetable as well as food value, post-harvest physiology and processing, storage and food quality, medicinal values, food chemistry and food biotechnology have been discussed in lucid manner. Further, research advances in biotechnology of different crops will guide authors in formulating the direction of future research.