Research Article

Study on Spatial and Seasonal Variation in APTI of Tree Species along Roads of Shivalik Foothills in Himachal Pradesh

Anuja Bhardwaj, R. K. Aggarwal and S. K. Bhardwaj

  • Page No:  247 - 254
  • Published online: 30 Jun 2021
  • DOI : HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/1.2021.2299

  • Abstract
  •  anuja.21june3@gmail.com

The present study was conducted during the year 2018-2019 to determine the impact of road on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of plants growing along the road. A comparative study was done between three roads viz., National highway, State highway and Link Road. Among three roads, link road can be considered as control because vehicular emissions were minimal or non-existent. Three plants (Dalbergia sisso, Mangifera indica and Ficus palmata) were selected as per their uniform presence along all three roads. Four biochemical parameters viz., ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, leaf extract pH and relative water content were used to calculate the air pollution tolerance index. Season wise maximum ascorbic acid, leaf extract pH and relative water content was observed during post monsoon season whereas total chlorophyll content was observed during pre monsoon season. The APTI of the selected plant species ranged from 8.23 to 10.76 during pre-monsoon and 9.03 to 11.09 during post-monsoon. Anticipated Performance Index (API) was in order of Mangifera indica with highest API grade (6) and it was excellent among plants followed by Dalbergia sisso (5) in very good and Ficus palmata (3) in moderate. Student t-test analysis of seasonal variation of biochemical parameters in leaf of selected tree species was carried out and it was observed that there was significant seasonal effect on mean values of ascorbic acid content and APTI whereas there was no impact of seasons on total chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH and relative water content.

Keywords :   APTI, API, green belt, roadside plants, vehicular emissions 

  • Introduction

    The Himalayan ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and aggressive road and dam building. The infrastructural development like roads construction has caused air pollution due to dust, suspended particles and vehicular emissions. The persistent danger to ambient air quality has been posed by the ever-increasing automobile emissions. High traffic congestion, ageing vehicles, low fuel quality, poor road, and inadequate inspection and maintenance programmes all contribute to poor roadside air quality (Wang et al., 2010). Although, such economic activities have brought material well-being to the hitherto backward areas, it has also consequently created an ecological imbalance and caused disasters in already fragile Himalayan ecosystem. Many hazardous pollutants, as well as secondary pollutants, generate severe fog conditions in northern India throughout the winter season (Tyagi et al., 2017) Current study has been conducted along the national highway, state highway and link road along Shivalik ranges of Himachal Pradesh to measure the impact of air pollutants on trees in the vicinity of the roads.

    Vegetation acts as a pollutant sink, lowering pollution levels in the atmosphere (Hamraz et al., 2014). By absorbing particle debris and smoke, plants naturally purify the air. Sensitive tree species are considered bio-indicators (Rawal et al., 2001; Raina and Sharma, 2006). Plant leaves are an effective pollutant trapping medium, because of their wide surface area and numerous exposed sections (Prajapati and Tripathi 2008; Rai 2019). Several researchers have confirmed that vegetation, shrubs, plants, and trees are a green strategy to address the challenge of ambient air pollution (Anake et al., 2019). Various studies have shown the effects of air pollution on plant’s biochemical parameters like the chlorophyll content (Flowers et al., 2007), ascorbic acid content (Hoque et al., 2007), leaf extract pH (Klumpp et al., 2000). Therefore, Air Pollution Tolerance Index which is based on above-mentioned parameters has been used for discovering tolerance levels of plant species (Panda et al., 2018). The APTI index describes a plant’s ability to counter air pollution. Plant leaves are the ones that come into close contact with pollutants in the air (Punit and Rai, 2021). The ability to identify and classify plants into tolerant and sensitive groups is critical because sensitive plants can serve as an indicator and tolerant plants can serve as a sink for pollutants in urban and developed ecosystems (Kuddus et al., 2011). Tolerant plants are often used for the development of green belts across busy roads. The air pollution response of each plant varies with species and location. Plants are classified as tolerant, moderate, sensitive, or most sensitive based on their APTI scores. Such data could be used to plan a tree plantation at various polluted locations in order to combat air pollution (Sharma et al., 2019). Plants with low APTI value show less tolerance to pollution and can be used to evaluate levels of air pollution while those with higher index value are tolerant to air pollution and can be used to reduce air pollution (Madan and Chauhan, 2018).

    In global urbanised areas, air pollution removal via trees is acknowledged as an economically viable component of pollution reduction strategies (Nowak et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2008; Morani et al., 2011; Yadav and Pandey, 2020). The APTI is a reliable tool for measuring tree species sensitivity as biofilter performance for managing ambient air quality (Kwak et al., 2020) whereas, the Anticipated Performance Index (API) score has been developed to assess the suitability of the plant species to combat air pollution using APTI with some other biological and socio-economic parameters. (Govindaraju et al., 2012). The API has been used as a tool to quantify the ability of dominant species to clean up contaminants in the atmosphere (Ogunkunle et al., 2015). In view of above-mentioned facts, the current study was undertaken to evaluate seasonal variation in Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of some plant species along national highway, state highway and link road in the foothills of Shivalik ranges of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh.


  • Materials and Methods

    Three different roads viz., National highway NH-154 (Jassur to Shahpur) (Longitude 32o 1655N Latitude-75o5132E), State highway SH-28 (Nurpur to Lahru) (Longitude-32o 1944N Latitude-75o5429E) and Link Road (Longitude-32o 1807N Latitude-75o5221E) in Shivalik foothills of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India were selected for the present study. The selected stretches (National and State Highways) are from part of route connecting both towns (Dharamshala and Dalhousie) with each other and also with Pathankot city of Punjab state. Moreover, routes are subjected to heavy traffic load besides tourism, it is also used as a corridor to transport vegetables, fruits and other goods and services to these towns. Link roads connects villages to each other and with main roads (NH or SH). The present study was conducted during the year 2018-2019 and data was collected during pre-monsoon (March-April) and post-monsoon (October-November) seasons and presented in the form of mean of both years.

    The climate of district Kangra is warm and temperate. Winter season commences from December to February, spring season falls from March to May, followed by summer season which remains from June to August and autumn season prevails till month of November. In this region 83 per cent of rains are received during monsoon months. The average annual rainfall in the district is about 1751 mm. The average temperature ranges from 0oC to 38oC. June is the hottest month and January is the coldest one.

    Three plant species were taken for study that were present uniformly along the roadside of study area- Dalbergia sisso, Mangifera indica and Ficus palmata

    The Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was estimated by considering four biochemical parameters namely ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, leaf extract pH and relative water content and was computed by using the following equation given by Singh and Rao (1983):

    APTI=[A(T+P)]+R/10

    Where,

    A: Ascorbic acid (mg g-1) of leaf sample

    T: Total chlorophyll (mg g-1) of leaf sample

    P: Leaf extracts pH of leaf sample

    R: Relative water content (%) of leaf sample

    2.5.  Statistical analysis

    The dust accumulation pattern, APTI and its relationship to physiological and biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid content, chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH and relative water content) of the leaves of selected plant species, as well as their significance level, were calculated under Randomized Block Design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and critical difference at 5% level of significance was calculated as proposed by Cochran and Cox (1957). To compare the means of two groups in case of leaf dust accumulation and APTI, Student t-test was applied.


  • Results and Discussion

    3.1.  Ascorbic acid content

    The ascorbic acid content in leaves of tree species during pre monsoon changed significantly with sites, species and distances (Table 1).


    During pre monsoon Dalbergia sisso had the highest ascorbic acid content (3.36 mg g-1), followed by Mangifera indica (2.45 mg g-1) and Ficus palmata (2.42 mg g-1). The leaf ascorbic acid content of the selected plant species growing at different sites also varied significantly, with the highest (3.07 mg g-1) ascorbic acid content observed at NH, followed by SH (2.77 mg g-1) and LR (2.43 mg g-1). Similar trend was observed in case of ascorbic acid content in leaves of tree species during the post monsoon season with the change in species and sites. The highest (3.36 mg g-1) and lowest (3.01 mg g-1) ascorbic acid content was found in Dalbergia sisso and Ficus palmata, respectively. The leaf ascorbic content of the selected plant species growing at different sites also varied Significantly, with highest (3.38 mg g-1) leaf ascorbic acid content was found at NH followed by SH (3.21 mg g-1) and lowest (2.96 mg g-1) ascorbic acid was noticed at LR.

    The results are in line with the findings of Yannawar and Bhosle (2013) who have reported that leaves of plants growing along the roadside have a higher concentration of ascorbic acid. The higher ascorbic acid content in the leaves of Dalbergia sisso could indicate that the plant’s defense mechanisms have improved, as reported by Cheng et al. (2007). The present results are in accordance with the finding of Mohammed Kuddus et al. (2011), that plant species with high APTI have higher leaf ascorbic acid content. Higher ascorbic content of the plant is a symbol of its resistance to air pollution, according to Chaudhary and Rao (1977). Ascorbic acid content in the leaves of tree species was observed highest (3.18 mg g-1) during post monsoon whereas in pre monsoon season it was 2.75 mg g-1. The higher ascorbic acid content in the post monsoon season could be due to less rainfall in the study area than in the pre monsoon season. The findings are consistent with those of Prajapati and Tripathi (2008), who found that plants under stress increase their ascorbic acid content in order to combat adverse conditions

    3.2. Total chlorophyll content

    The highest chlorophyll content (3.34 mg g-1) was reported in Dalbergia sisso. followed by Ficus palmata (2.89 mg g-1) and lowest (1.70 mg g-1) was recorded in Mangifera indica (Table 2).


    The leaf chlorophyll content of the selected plant species growing at different sites also differed significantly, with the highest (2.77 mg g-1) chlorophyll content observed at LR, followed by SH (2.65 mg g-1) and NH (2.51 mg g-1). Similar trend of chlorophyll content in leaves of tree species was observed during the post monsoon season with the change in species, sites and horizontal distances. The chlorophyll content of the selected plant species varied significantly, ranging from 1.47 to 3.51 mg g-1, with Dalbergia sisso having the highest (3.37 mg g-1) and Mangifera indica having the lowest (1.72 mg g-1) chlorophyll content. The genetic variations of the plant species may be responsible for variation in the chlorophyll content of the leaves of selected plant species. Furthermore, variations in chlorophyll content of plant species may differ depending on the level of pollution in the region as well as the tolerance and sensitivity of the plant species. (Katiyar and Dubey, 2001; Harikrishna and Begum, 2010).  Total chlorophyll content in the leaves of tree species was observed more during post monsoon season (2.67 mg g-1) whereas in pre monsoon season it was 2.64 mg g-1. The season wise variation in chlorophyll content may be ascribed due to more temperature stress on the plant species in the pre monsoon season.

    3.3. Leaf extract pH

    The leaf extract pH of tree species during pre monsoon changed significantly with sites, species (Table 3).


    The leaf extract pH of the selected plant species varied significantly, ranging from 6.53 to 7.00. The highest (6.96) leaf extract pH was recorded in Dalbergia sisso, followed by Ficus palmata (6.89), and the lowest (6.78) was recorded in Mangifera indica. This showed that as traffic emissions decreased a high pH level improves air pollution tolerance (Agarwal 1986, Yan-ju and Hui 2008). The leaf extract pH of the selected plant species growing at different sites also varied significantly with highest (6.99) leaf extract pH at LR followed by SH (6.89) and lowest (6.76) leaf extract pH was noticed at NH.

    Similar trend of leaf extract pH in leaves of tree species was observed during the post monsoon season with the change in species, sites. The leaf extract pH of the selected plant species varied significantly, ranging from 6.61 to 7.09. The highest (7.03) leaf extract pH was recorded in Dalbergia sisso, while the lowest (6.81) was recorded in Mangifera indica. The leaf extract pH of the selected plant species growing at various sites also differed significantly, with the highest (6.98) leaf extract pH at LR followed by SH (6.95) and lowest (6.87) leaf extract pH was noticed at NH. Leaf extract pH in the leaves of tree species was observed higher during post monsoon (6.93) whereas in pre monsoon season it was 6.88. The findings are consistent with those of Jyothi and Jaya (2010), who found a higher pH during the post monsoon season as a result of acidic contaminants being washed away by rain.

    3.4.  Relative water content

    The relative water content of tree species during pre monsoon changed significantly with sites, species (Table 4).


    Mangifera indica had the highest relative water content (77.27%), followed by Dalbergia sisso (66.70%), and Ficus palmata had the lowest relative water content (65.78%). The relative water content of the selected plant species growing at different sites also differed significantly, with the highest relative water content (72.13%) at NH, followed by SH (70.97%), and the lowest relative water content (66.16%) at LR. Plants at polluted sites consumed more water as a result of their physiological mechanisms for coping with contaminants in their atmosphere (Tanee et al., 2014). Pandit et al., (2017) found that relative water content was 85.80% at a distance of 0-10 m and 81.97% at a distance of 10-20 m. Similar trend of relative water content in leaves of tree species was observed during the post monsoon season with the change in species, site Mangifera indica had the highest relative water content (77.86%) and Dalbergia sisso had the lowest relative water content (67.26%). The relative water content of the selected plant species growing at different sites also varied significantly with highest (72.53%) relative water content was observed at NH followed by SH (71.37%) and lowest (66.95%) relative water content was noticed at LR. Relative water content in the leaves of tree species was observed higher during post monsoon (70.28%) whereas in pre monsoon season it was 69.75%. The results are in line with the findings of Jyothi and Jaya (2010) who reported higher relative water content during post monsoon season as compared to pre monsoon season.

    3.5.  APTI

    Along the different sites, the APTI of selected plants showed maximum value at NH (10.07) followed by SH (9.75) and LR (9.00) (Table 5).


    With increasing horizontal distances from the highway, the air pollution tolerance index of the selected plant species varied. Panda et al., (2018) stated higher APTI values associated with higher tolerance of plant species to air pollutants. The capacity of plants to respond to stress conditions produced by vehicular pollution may be attributed to the highest APTI of plants growing at a horizontal distance of 0-20 m. These results are in line with the findings of Jyothi and Jaya (2010) who have pointed higher APTI values associated with higher tolerance of plant species to air pollutants (Noor et al., 2015). Along the different sites, the APTI of selected plants showed maximum results at NH (10.07) followed by SH (9.75) and LR (9.00). With increasing horizontal distances from the highway, the air pollution tolerance index of the selected plant species varied. APTI of selected plants alongside the selected sites was observed more during post monsoon (10.06) as compared to pre monsoon (9.61). The results showed that in the post monsoon season, all of the selected plant species had higher mean APTI values of 9.52 than in the pre monsoon season (9.40). The higher APTI values during the post monsoon season can be attributed to plant species’ adaptive capacity to combat stress during this time of year. Mean values of both season was collectively taken for the evaluation of APTI. Based on assessment parameters, selected plant species was analyzed. Among the selected plants, Dalbergia sisso, Mangifera indica showed highest API grade of 6 (excellent) followed by Ficus palmata (3) (moderate)

    API is used as an indicator to assess the capability of predominant species in the cleanup of atmospheric pollutants. Dalbergia sisso and Mangifera indica have the highest API values, which may be attributed to their high APTI values (Table 6). Better laminar characteristics such as leaf size, texture, and canopy structure, as well as a high economic value, may have boosted its API value to an excellent level (Dalbergia sisso and Mangifera indica).


    Ficus palmata, on the other hand, has a low API value due to its small leaf size, smooth leaf surface, and comparatively low economic significance, making it fall into the not recommended group. These findings support those of Karthiyayini et al. (2005) and Prajapati and Tripathi (2008), who discovered that species with higher APTI have better plant and leaf characteristics and hence have a higher value of API. API grade 6 for Mangifera indica and Dalbergia sisso, with higher APTI likely due to better plant and leaf characteristics (Prajapati and Tripathi, 2008), and thus recommended for greenbelt alongside highways, as suggested by Tsega and Deviprasad (2014). Higher APTI values indicated the ability for plant species to flourish in contaminated areas, potentially polluting the air.

    Statistical significance (student t-test) of seasonal variation of biochemical parameters in leaf of selected tree species alongside the different roads in the study area was carried out for the combined data of pre and post monsoon (Table 1-6), which is presented in Table 7. The critical value (the difference of means between pre and post monsoon) at 34 degree of freedom was 1.68. Since the tabulated t-values of ascorbic acid content and APTI is greater than critical value, these are significant at 5% level. Hence, the results clearly indicated that there was significant seasonal effect on mean values of ascorbic acid content and APTI whereas there was no impact of seasons on total chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH and relative water content.


  • Conclusion

    Road activities are responsible for introducing pollutants to environment in its vicinity. comparative study detailed that the road activities on NH have significantly affected the plant health as compared to SH and LR. The anticipated performance index of the selected plant species ranged from moderate to excellent. Among all three selected plant species, Mangifera indica was categorized as excellent with high grade of 6 API and scoring 87.50%, hence resulted to be most tolerant species to pollution in the study area.


  • Reference
  • Anake, W.U., Eimanehi J.E., Omonhinmin, C.A., 2019. Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of selected plant species. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19(1), 239–244.

    Chaudhary, C.S., Rao, D.N., 1977. A study of some factors in plants controlling their susceptibility to SO2 pollution. In: Proceeding of the Indian National Science Academic        Part B., 46, 236–241.

    Cheng, F.Y., Burkey, K.O., Robinson, J.M., Booker, F.L., 2007. Leaf extracellular ascorbic in relation to O3 tolerance of two soybean cultivars. Environmental Pollution 150, 355–362.

    Cochran, W.G., Cox, G.M. Experimental designs (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. 1957

    Flowers, M.D., Fiscus, E.L. Burkey, K.O., 2007. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotype differing in sensitivity to Ozone. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61, 190–198.

    Govindaraju, M., Ganeshkumar, R.S., Muthukumaran, V.R., Visvanathan, P., 2012. Identification and evaluation of air pollution tolerant plants around lignite-based thermal power station for greenbelt development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19(4), 1210–223.

    Hamraz, H., Niaraki, A.S., Omati, M., Noori, N., 2014. GIS-Based Air Pollution Monitoring using Static Stations and Mobile Sensor in Tehran/ Iran. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences 2(12), 435–444.

    Harikrishna, S., Begum, A., 2010. Evaluation of some tree species to absorb air pollutants in three industrial locations of South Bengaluru, India. Journal of Chemistry 7(1), 151–156.

    Hoque, M.A., Banu, M.N., Okum, E., 2007. Exogenous proline and glycine betaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycine betaine in tobacco bright yellow- 2 suspension-cultured cells. Journal of Plant Physiology 164(11), 1457–1468.

    Karthiyayini, R., Ponnammal, N.R., Joseph, R., 2005. Air Pollution Tolerance Index of certain plants of Coimbatore-Ooty Highways, Near I.T.I. Area, Coimbatore, Tamil Naidu, India. Pollution Research 24(4), 801–803.

    Katiyar, V., Dubey, P.S., 2001. Sulphur dioxide sensitivity on two stage of leaf development in a few tropical tree species. Indian Journal of Environment and Toxicology 11, 78–81.

    Klumpp, G., Furlan, C.M., Domingos, M., Klumpp, A., 2000. Response of stress indicators and growth parameters of Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. exposed to air and soil pollution near the industrial complex of Cubatao, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 246(1), 79–91.

    Kuddus, M., Kumari, R., Ramteke, P.W., 2011. Studies on air pollution tolerance of selected plants in Allahabad city, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Management 2(3), 42–46.

    Kwak, M.J., Lee, J.K., Park, S., Lim, Y.J., Kim, H., Kim, K.N., Je, S.M., Park, C.R., Woo, S.Y., 2020. Evaluation of the importance of some East Asian tree species for refinement of air quality by estimating Air Pollution Tolerance Index, Anticipated Performance Index and Air Pollutant Uptake. Sustainability 12(7), 3067–3085.

    Morani, A., Nowak, D.J., Hirabayashi, S., Calfapietra, C., 2011. How to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the Million Trees NYC initiative. Environmental and Pollution 159, 1040–1047.

    Noor, M.J., Sultana, S., Fatima, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sarfraz, M., Balkhyour, M.A., Safi, S.Z., Ashraf, M.A., 2015. Estimation of Anticipated Performance Index and Air Pollution Tolerance Index of vegetation around the marble industrial areas of Potwar region: bioindicators of plant pollution response. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 37(3), 441–455.

    Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4, 115–123.

    Ogunkunle, C.O., Suleiman, L.B., Oyedeji, S., Awotoye, O.O., Fatoba, P.O., 2015. Assessing the air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of some tree species for biomonitoring environmental health. Agroforestry Systems 89, 447–454.

    Panda, L.R., Aggarwal, R.K., Bhardwaj, D.R., 2018. A review on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). Current World Environment 13(1), 55–65.

    Pandit, J., Sharma, A.K., Sood, A., Bhardwaj, S.K., 2017. Assessment of the air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of commonly growing plant species along the national highway (NH-7) in Nahan to Poanta Sahib stretch in Himachal Pradesh, India. Pollution Research 36(1), 97–103.

    Punit, S., Rai, A., 2021. Evaluating Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of two plant species from industrial area of Jodhpur. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 6(1), 11–15.

    Prajapati, S.K., Tripathi, B.D., 2008. Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality 36, 704–705.

    Rai, P.K., 2019. Particulate matter tolerance of plants (APTI and API) in a biodiversity hotspot located in a tropical region: Implications for eco-control. Particulate Science and Technology 38(2), 193–202.

    Raina, A.K., Sharma, A., 2006. Assessment of air pollution and its impact on the leaves of some plant species. Pollution Research 25(3), 543–547.

    Sharma, B., Bhardwaj, S.K., Sharma, S., Nautiyal, R., Kaur, L., Alam, N.M., 2019. Pollution tolerance assessment of temperate woody vegetation growing along the National Highway-5 in Himachal Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 191177.

    Singh, S.K., Rao, D.N., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J., Narayan, D., 1991. Air pollution tolerance index of plants. Journal of Environmental Management 32, 45–55

    Tyagi, S., Tiwari, S., Mishra, A., Singh, S., Hopke, P.K., Singh, S., Attri, S.D., 2017. Characteristics of absorbing aerosols during winter foggy period over the National Capital Region of Delhi: Impact of planetary boundary layer dynamics and solar radiation flux. Atmospheric Research 188, 1–10.

    Tanee, F.B.G., Albert, E., Amadi, B.R., 2014. Biochemical properties and Air pollution tolerance indices of plants in Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology 4(34), 4835–4845.

    Tsega, Y.C., Deviprasad, A.G., 2014. Variation in air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of roadside plants in Mysore, India. Journal of Experimental Biology 35, 185–190.

    Wang, H.K., Fu, L.X., Zhou, Y., Du, X., Ge, W.H., 2010. Trends in vehicular emissions in China’s mega cities from 1995 to 2005. Environment Pollution 158, 394–400.

    Yadav, R., Pandey, P., 2020. Assessment of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of roadside plants for the development of greenbelt in urban area of Bathinda city, Punjab, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 105, 906–914.

    Yang, J., Yu, Q., Gong, P., 2008. Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago. Atmospheric and Environment 42, 7266–7273.

    Yannawar, V.B., Bhosle, A.B., 2013. Air pollution tolerance index of various plant species around Nanded city, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation 3(1), 23–28.


Cite

1.
Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal RK, Bhardwaj SK. Study on Spatial and Seasonal Variation in APTI of Tree Species along Roads of Shivalik Foothills in Himachal Pradesh IJBSM [Internet]. 30Jun.2021[cited 8Feb.2022];12(1):247-254. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1483

People also read

Research Article

The Role of Parkland for Conservation of Useful Plant Species Diversity in Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia

Mulugeta Kebebew

Parkland, paradise lodge, diversity, useful plant, Ethiopia

Published Online : 13 May 2019

Review Article

Astrologically Designed Medicinal Gardens of India

Maneesha S. R., P. Vidula, V. A. Ubarhande and E. B. Chakurkar

Vedic astrology, astral garden, celestial garden, zodiac garden

Published Online : 14 Apr 2021