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Genetic Variability and Marker Trait Association analysis of Various Phenological and Yield Related Traits for Heat Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Uday Chand Jha, Paresh Chandra Kole, Narendra Pratap Singh

  • Page No:  345 - 352
  • Published online: 07 Jun 2018
  • DOI : HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJBSM/2018.9.3.1872

  • Abstract
  •  uday_gene@yahoo.co.in

Increasing incidence of heat stress (HS) is receiving serious attention as it causes significant yield reduction in various crops including chickpea worldwide. Here, we investigated the existing genetic variability for various  yield related crucial traits for developing heat tolerant genotype under field condition in a panel of seventy eight chickpea genotypes under normal and HS condition via conducting augmented design analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) exhibited significance difference among the checks for first flowering (FF), days to 50% flowering (50F), days to pod initiation (DPI), days to maturity (MAT),  plant height (PH), empty pod (EP),  yield plant-1 (YPP), biological yield (BioY), harvest index (HI%), and 100 seed weight (100 SW) under normal condition. While, under HS condition significance difference among the checks for the following traits FF, 50F, PH, EP, YPP and 100SW were recorded. Additionally, to seek marker trait association (MTA),  we examined  MTAs for the given phenological and yield related traits under both normal and late sown condition via employing 81 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the given set of genotypes. A total of 37 significant MTAs (under normal condition) and 38 significant MTAs (under HS condition) were obtained for various phenological and yield related traits. Additionally, eighteen MTAs for heat tolerance index (HTI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield index (YI), mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were recorded.

Keywords :   Genetic variability, heat stress, MTA, SSR

  • Introduction

    Chickpea remains as an important cool season global grain legume crop, offering plant based dietary protein and essential micro nutrients to human population across the globe (Graham and Vance, 2003). Chickpea stands as the second most important global grain legume next to common bean (FAO, 2014), contributing 14.2 mt to the global food basket from 14.8 mha area across the globe with an average productivity of 0.96 t ha-1 (FAO, 2014). However, chickpea yield is seriously challenged by various biotic and abiotic stresses impeding to attain its potential yield (Jha et al., 2014a). In parallel, given the current deleterious effects of  global climate change, increasing event of heat stress (HS) is appearing as one of the important abiotic stresses, causing detrimental effects on various crops including  cool season grain legumes (Jha et al., 2014a,  2014b ; Jha et al., 2017).  Significant phenological changes and detrimental effects on pre- and post reproductive processes leading to reduction in yield have been recorded in chickpea under terminal HS (Devasirvatham et al., 2013; Jha et al., 2015; Krishnamurthy et al., 2011). Given the increase in 1 °C “seasonal temperature” in North India during chickpea growing season may lead to reduction of 53 kg ha-1 yield in chickpea (Kalra et al., 2008). Therefore, breeding for heat tolerance in chickpea is urgently needed to sustain chickpea yield under the increasing incidences of HS. In the context, conventional breeding driven efforts have enabled in identification of ICC 92944, ICC 1205, ICC 4958 chickpea genotypes as source of HS tolerance under field condition (Devasirvatham et al., 2013; Krishnamurthy et al., 2011). However, progress in development in designing HS tolerant chickpea remains slow. In parallel surge of various advanced molecular markers have offered great opportunity to the breeder community to exploit them in marker assisted breeding scheme for improving various complex traits including HS in chickpea (Bajaj et al., 2015a; Thudi et al., 2014; Varshney et al., 2014; Kale et al., 2015; Jha et al., 2018). Thus, role of (MTA) analysis an approach of marker assisted molecular breeding could be of great importance for identifying genomic regions conferring HS tolerance thereby, accelerating the HS tolerance breeding in chickpea. Here, we investigated the existing genetic variability for phenological and yield related traits in a panel of seventy eight chickpea genotypes (including historically high yielding released varieties in India, improved breeding lines and accessions) under normal and late sown condition. Additionally, we examined the MTAs for various yield related traits under both normal and late sown condition via employing 81 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the 71 genotypes for facilitating marker assisted breeding for HS tolerance in chickpea.

     


  • Materials and Methods

    2.1.  Experimental material

    The experimental material constituted 78 chickpea genotypes containing historically released varieties cultivated across the  India, accessions from  ICRISAT, Patancheru, improved breeding lines of Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur and JNKVV Jabalpur including three heat tolerant checks (ICC 1205, ICC 4958 and ICC 92944) (Devasirvatham et al., 2012; Devasirvatham et al., 2013). The crop was grown in the second week of November 2105 (normal sown) and the late sown crop was grown in second week of January 2016 (HS) at the main farm of Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur. The average weekly temperature recorded during the crop growth period from 2nd week of November 2015 to April 2016 is given in (Figure 1). Each genotype was sown in two rows having 4×0.3 m2 plot size. All the 75 genotypes were planted in augmented design having 5 blocks with the above given three checks replicated in each blocks. Randomly five plants of each genotype were selected.  Average data  of  five plants for each genotype was recorded for first flowering (FF), 50% flowering (50F), days to pod initiation (DPI), days to pod filling (DPF), plant height (PH), days to maturity (MAT), primary


    branches (PB), biological yield (Bio Y), number of pods plant-1 (NOPS), empty pods plant-1 (EP), yield plant-1 (YPP), harvest index % (HI%), 100 seed weight (100 seed Wt) and Plot Yield (PY)  various traits of breeding interest under both conditions.

    2.2.  Statistical analysis

    ANOVA for the given data in augmented design (Federer, 1956) was analyzed by using R software. Additionally, to seek MTAs with the heat tolerance indices, we also estimated yield stability index HTI, YI, SSI, MP and GMP five important heat tolerance indices. The indices were calculated as per the suggested formulae below.

    SSI=(1-(Ysi/Ypi))/SI (Fischer and Maurer, 1978)

    HTI=(Ys×Yp)/Yp2 (Fernandez, 1992)

    Yield index (YI)=Ys/Yp (Bouslama and Schapaugh, 1984)

    Mean productivity (MP)=(Ypi+Ysi)/2   Hossain et al. (1990)

    Geometric mean productivity (GMP) = √Ypi ×Ysi (Ramirez and Kelly, 1998)

    Ysiand Ypiare the mean grain yield of individual genotype in HS and non HS conditions; whereas, Ysdenote the mean yield of genotype under HS and Ypthe mean yield of genotype under normal condition.

    2.3.  DNA extraction and SSR analysis

     As per the CTAB method suggested by Doyel and Doyle (1987) genomic DNA was extracted from 71 chickpea genotypes. Given the screening of 120 SSR markers in the given set of genotypes, a total of 81SSRs yielded polymorphic fragments. The SSR markers used here  are reported previously by different research groups Winter et al. (1999, 2000); Sethy et al. (2003); Sethy et al. (2006); Gaur et al. (2011); Choudhary et al. (2009); Choudhary et al. (2012) existing across the all eight linkage groups in chickpea.

    2.4.  PCR analysis

    The PCR assay was carried out in a 10 μl reaction mixture containing 5.9 μl of sterilized distilled water, 1.00 μl template DNA (25 ng), 0.5 μl of forward and 0.5 μl of reverse primer (5 μM), 1.00 μl 10×PCR buffer (10 mMTris-Hcl, 50 mMKcl, pH 8.3), 1.00 μl dNTP mix (0.2 mM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and 0.1 μl Taq polymerase (5U μl-1) (Thermo Fisher Scientific Mumbai, India, Pvt. Ltd.) by usingG-40402 thermo cycler (G-STORM, Somerset, UK). A touch down PCR profile was used for amplifications with initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min followed by 10 cycles of touch down 61–51 °C, 30 s at 94 °C, annealing for 30 s at 61 °C (the annealing temperature for each cycle being reduced by 1°C per cycle) and extension for 30 s at 72 °C. This was accompanied by 40 cycle of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 51 °C for 30 s, elongation at 72 °C for 45 s, and 10 min of final extension at 72°C. Amplified fragments were resolved in 3% agarose gel using 0.5×TBE running buffer and images were analyzed with Quantity one software (Bio-Rad, CA 94547, USA).

     2.5. Marker-trait association analysis

    The phenotypic data on fourteen traits and the genotypic data were analyzed to examine significant MTAs.  Here we employed mixed linear model (MLM) based on Q+K matrix. We used TASSEL v. 3.0 (Bradbury et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2010) to detect MTAs, and p=0.05 and p=0.01 were considered as a significance threshold.


  • Results and Discussion

    3.1.  Genetic variability

    General statistics for various traits recorded under both normal and late sown trials are given in (Table 1).Mean square for analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested significant difference among all the checks for most of the traits except (PB, DPF, BioY plant-1 and HI %) under normal sown condition (see Table 2). While, under HS condition significant difference among the checks for the following traits FF, 50F, PH, EP, BioY/P,YPP,


    100SW and PY were recorded (Table 3). In this connection Jha et al. (2015), Jha and Shil (2015), and Krishnamurthy et al. (2011) recorded significant genetic variability for different phenological and yield related traits under HS in chickpea. Thus, genotype having high BioY, HI and 100SW under HS could be potentially incorporated into chickpea breeding  programme for transferring these traits to the HS tolerant yet low 100 SW genotypes for sustaining yield under HS. Moreover, the tested genotypes could be introduced as parent in crossing programme for developing HS tolerance in chickpea.

    3.2.  MTA analysis

    MTA study is gaining enormous attention from marker assisted breeding point of view in various crop plants including chickpea (Bajaj et al., 2015a; Thudi et al., 2014). Notable instances of MTA study for investigating genomic regions related to drought stress tolerance traits have been recorded (Jamalabadi et al., 2013; Kale et al., 2015; Thudi et al., 2014; Varshney et al., 2014). However, MTA for HS tolerance in chickpea is limitedly exploited (Thudi et al., 2014; Jha et al., 2018).

    In the current study a total of 37 significant MTAs under


    normal condition (see Table 4) and 38 significant MTAs under HS condition (see Table 5) for various agronomic traits have been recorded. Concurrently, eighteen MTAs for various HS related indices have been noted (see Table 6).  MTAs distribution and quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots are depicted in Figure 2 (for normal sown), in Figure 3 (for HS sown) and in Figure 4 (for heat tolerance indices) considering   MLM model. The markers witnessed significant association with the given traits by deviating from null expectation depicted in QQ plots.  Phenological traits remain crucial for evaluation and selection of HS tolerance in various crops including chickpea (Devasirvatham et al., 2013). Taking note of this, three significant MTAs on LG3, LG4 and on LG7 for FF traits under normal condition and one significant MTA on LG6 under HS condition was recorded in the current study. Similarly 2QTLs for FF trait was recorded on LG3 and LG4 under drought stress (Rehman et al., 2011). In this context Jamalabadi et al. (2013) also reported one closely linked marker with FF on LG3. For 50F trait, a total of four significant MTAs on LG4 and on LG3 explaining up to 19.7 PV%, while, two significant MTAs for the same trait on LG6 was recorded under late sown condition. Considering DPI and DPF traits, significant MTA was noted on LG3, whereas two significant MTAs (for DPI) and two significant MTAs (for DPF) were recorded on LG3 and LG6, respectively under late sown condition.  For MAT trait, one significant MTA recorded on LG4 (under normal condition) however, no MTA was identified for this trait under late sown condition. In this connection one QTL for MAT trait on LG7 was suggested


    by Rehman et al. (2011). While considering PH trait three significant MTAs were found on LG1, LG2 and LG4, respectively under HS condition. Likewise two QTLs for same trait were recorded on LG1 and LG4 under drought stress (Rehman et al., 2011). In the context of PH, recently Kale et al. (2015) reported 14 QTL related to PH on LG4 under drought stress. In context of yield related trait,


    four significant MTAs for BioY trait on LG1, LG5, LG6 and LG7, and two significant MTA for NOPS on LG1 and LG7  were noted under late sown condition. Likewise one major QTL governing NOPS on LG7 was registered under salinity stress (Pushpavalli et al., 2015).While Bajaj et al. (2015b) reported several NOPS QTLs existing across all Ca LG (1-8). In another case, four QTLs for NOPS existing on LG1, LG2, LG6 and LG8 were reported (Verma et al., 2015). Based on HI% trait, we recorded three significant MTAs under both normal and late sown conditions existing on LG3, LG4, LG5 and on LG6. Similarly two QTLs for the HI trait were found on LG1 and LG3 (Rehman et al., 2011). Importantly, one QTL was registered on LG06 under drought stress for HI trait (Kale et al., 2015). Additionally, a total of six QTLs related to HI residing across all the LG except LG1 and LG8 has been reported recently (Srivastava et al., 2016).

    Considering YPP, five significant MTAs were recorded on LG1, LG3, LG5, LG6 and LG7 under normal condition exhibiting upto 19 % PV, and five significant MTAs on LG1, LG6 and LG7 showing up to 12.8% PV were recorded under HS condition for YPP. Similarly, six YPP related QTLs existing across all the LGs except LG1 and LG8 were reported (Srivastava et al., 2016).

    For 100 SW three MTAs harboring on LG2, LG4 and LG7 under normal condition and five significant MTAs under HS located on LG1, LG2, LG3 and LG4 were recorded. Similarly seed wt related QTL located on LG1 (Abbo et al., 2005; Hossain et al., 2010; Gowda et al., 2011), on LG2 (Gowda et al., 2011), on LG4 (Cobos et al., 2007; Abbo et al., 2005; Hossain et al., 2010; Gowda et al., 2011; Jamalabadi et al. 2013; Thudi et al. 2014; Kale et al., 2015) has been reported. Additionally five significant SNPs associated with seed wt were reported on LG1, LG2, LG3 and LG4 (Bajaj et al., 2015a). Subsequently three expression QTLs (e-QTLs) related to seed wt was reported on LG2 and LG7 by Bajaj et al. (2015b). Moreover, Verma et al. (2015) showed seven seed wt QTLs residing on LG1, LG2, LG5, LG6 and LG7. Most importantly, a total of 29 QTLs related to nine different agronomic traits and drought related traits were recovered from QTL-hotspot region on CaLG04 (Kale et al., 2015). Taking note of PY, three significant MTAs under normal and four significant MTAs under late sown conditions lying on LG1, LG3, LG5 and   LG7 were obtained in the current study. In this regard three QTLs (related to yield) each was reported to be lying on LG3, LG4 and LG7 under drought stress (Kale et al., 2015).

     3.3. MTA analysis of heat tolerance indices

    Importantly, considering heat tolerant indices viz., HTI, YI, HSI, MP, GMP several significant MTAs were recorded (see Table 5). Three significant MTAs were recorded on LG3, LG4 and on LG5.Similarly for YI; three significant MTAs were suggested residing on LG1, LG4 and LG7. Considering SSI a total of 3 MTAs were recorded on LG6 and on LG7. While for MP (4 MTAs) and for GMP (5 MTAs) were noted. Similarly a total of 4 QTLs for drought tolerance index (DTI) harboring on CaLG1, CaLG7 and CaLG8 and one QTL for DST trait on CaLG8 was reported under drought stress (Kale et al., 2015). Thus, these markers significantly associated with various traits could serve as an important repertoire for assisting marker assisted breeding for heat tolerance in chickpea.


  • Conclusion

    Sufficient amount of genetic variability for various breeding traits was recorded under both normal and HS conditions. Thus, the captured genetic variability for various traits under both conditions could be incorporated in breeding programme for improving yield related traits in the high yielding yet HS sensitive chickpea cultivars. Additionally, significant MTAs for various yield related traits could promisingly help facilitating conventional breeding to develop HS tolerant chickpea genotypes via marker assisted selection.


  • Acknowledgement

    Authors acknowledge support from Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India.


  • Author’s Contribution

    Uday Chand Jha conducted the experiment and wrote the manuscript along with Paresh Chandra Kole and Narendra Pratap Singh. The work is part of PhD thesis of the first author. All the authors also thank, Dr. Swarup K Parida, National Institute of Plant genome Research, New Delhi for providing Chickpea SSR markers.


  • Conflict of Interest

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.


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Cite

1.
Ch U, Jha , Ch P, Kole r, Singh NP. Genetic Variability and Marker Trait Association analysis of Various Phenological and Yield Related Traits for Heat Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) IJBSM [Internet]. 07Jun.2018[cited 8Feb.2022];9(1):345-352. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1144

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