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Changes in Chemo-Enzymatic properties of Soil under Different Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels with Cow Urine and Biofertilizers in Protected Condition

Sunil Kumar, Naveen Datt, Manpreet Singh and Ibajanai Kurbah

  • Page No:  767 - 772
  • Published online: 07 Dec 2017
  • DOI : HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.23910/IJBSM/2017.8.6.3C0263

  • Abstract
  •  dukegarhwal@gmail.com

The effect of different levels of fertigation and drip irrigation was studied along with applications of cow urine and biofertilizers on chemo enzymatic and biological properties of soil during summer season in a naturally ventilated poly house. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 11 treatments and 3 replication comprising of two drip irrigation levels viz., I2 (IW/CPE=0.4) and I4 (IW/CPE=0.8), five fertigation levels, one farmers’ practice and applications of cow urine and biofertilizers. The ammonical (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) forms of soil nitrogen content in treatments F2I4 and F2I2 (where F2 is 100% of recommended NPK doses (1/3rd N and full P, K applied as basal and 2/3rdN through fertigation+Azotobacter+PSB) and 5% cow-urine) were significantly superior then farmers’ practice (T11) at both depths (0.0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30m). Similarly, trends followed by the biomass carbon, urease and phosphatase activity at both depths. The urease activity was higher in treatments with application of cow urine than without cow urine. The overall results indicated that combined application of bio-fertilizers and fertilizers along with cow urine has positive effect on biomass carbon and chemo- enzymatic properties of soil due to enhanced of soil physical and microbiological properties and addition of nutrients in soil with saving of at least 50 % of water and hence can be exploited as a sustainable approach under integrated nutrient management.

Keywords :   Cucumber, nitrogen fraction, microbial biomass carbon, cow urine

  • Introduction

    Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is belonging to native of India. This is commonly grown throughout the year in all parts of the country, mainly for its immature fruits. It is a good source of vitamins B with a low calorie diet. It contains 95% of water content whichmaking it a diuretic vegetable crop, which keeps the body hydrated and helps in cleansing of body toxins. Parthenocarpic fruits are common cucumber hybrids that can be grown in off season under protected conditions due to their ability to set fruit without pollination or fertilization even at low temperatures (Monisha et al., 2014) making efficient utilization of the land, water, nutrient and other resources. Protected cultivation, also known as ‘Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)’ is highly productive, environment protective and water and land conservative cultivation practice (Jensen, 2002). The India has largest irrigation network in the world but the irrigation efficiency in India is not more than 40% (Imamsaheb et al., 2014), hence more efficient irrigation methods are required for increase irrigation efficiency above that level.The optimum soil moisture content for adequate cucumber growth and fruiting is 80-85% of field capacity. Its high requirements of soil water can be attributed to its bulky and vigorous above-ground portion which evaporates large quantity of water and its poorly developed root system characterized by low absorbing capacity and heavy leaching losses of fertilizers. Drip irrigation system is one of the advanced methods of irrigation, in which water is applied drop by drop on continuous basis through closed network of plastic pipes at frequent intervals near to the root zone for consumptive use of the crop and maintains optimum soil moisture content. It minimizes conventional losses of water by deep percolation, evaporation and run off. It can save water up to 40–70% as well as increase the crop production to the extent of 20–100% (Reddy and Reddy, 2003).


    India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in the world after that the nutrient consumption per hectare and fertilizer use efficiency is very low (Sathya et al., 2008) because the main reasons for low efficiency are the types of fertilizers used and the methods of application adopted by Indian farmers and ultimately losses of nutrients. So the use of both the inorganic and organic type of fertilizers in a balanced proportion and application through fertigation not only optimizes the water use but also increases the nutrient use efficiency. The fertigation method gives higher nutrient use efficiency (90%) then the conventional methods (40–60%) by Solaimalai et al. (2005).


    Under these conditions, bio-fertilizers have emerged as potential nutrient suppliers or mobilizers in various horticultural crops to meet the day by day increasing requirements of the growing population. Incorporation of microbial inoculants not only reduces the requirement of inorganic fertilizers but also has other added advantage such as consistent and slow release of nutrients, maintaining ideal C: N ratio, improvement in water holding capacity and microbial biomass of soil profile, without having any adverse residual effects. The phosphorus is second most essential element for plant growth and development after nitrogen. It is sparingly soluble so major proportions of soil-P remains interlocked in insoluble forms and not available for plant uptake in the soil.


    To correct the P-deficiency, indiscriminate use of P-fertilizers this deteriorates the soil quality as well as causes harmful impact on both environment and economy. Consequently, to sustain the detritus effects of chemical fertilizer on soil by the use of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) as an inoculant simultaneously enhances P availability to plants and crop yield. The phosphorus subilizing bacteria (PSB) constitute 1–50% and fungi 0.5–0.1% of the total population in soil, Respectively (Chen et al., 2006). The use of such PSB(s) enhances plant productivity and reducing the higher use of chemical P and protecting the soil environment and ecosystem from the hazards of agro chemicals. Microorganisms, especially phosphate solublizing bacteria (PSB) use as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake and therefore can be used as bio fertilizer (Nico et al., 2012).


    The cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, hormones, salts, enzymes and an aqueous solution of nitrogenous and sulphurous compounds (Church, 1976) can be used as bio-fertilizers for increasing soil fertility. About 20–30% of the total N in the cow urine is in forms other than urea were allantoin, hippuric acid, creatinine and creatine, uric acid, xanthin, hypoxanthine and a number of amino acids were also present. As the decomposition of these compounds very slowly in soil than urea so nitrogen losses will be less through cow urine. Soil microorganisms are an important and intrinsic part of the agro ecosystem and are responsible for transforming cycles of nutrients by the urine. Cow urine has low in concentrations of carbon (C) (Lovell and Jarvis, 1996).


    One gram soil contains around one billion individual microorganisms and up to 4000 species of microorganisms (Torsvik et al., 1990; Torsvik and Ovreas, 2002) in which bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae constitute about 90% of the total soil biomass (Liesack et al., 1997). The cow urine contains urea which hydrolyzed by the urease enzyme to produce NH4+ -N. The cow urine application often causes an increase in the microbial biomass and enzyme activity. The use of cow urine also stimulates substrate use and alters the bacterial community decreases microbial stress.The concentrations of NH4+ -N and NO3--Nis higher due to high soil moisture content which stimulates N transformations. The cow urine application as different concentration can increase the enzymatic activity and alleviate micro nutrient deficiency in the soil. However, an effect of incorporation of cow urine and bio-fertilizers in fertigation scheduling has not been studied so far. Hence the objective of present paper is to study the effects of cow urine and bio-fertilizers based fertigation schedule at varying levels of drip irrigation on chemo enzymatic and biological properties of soil under protected condition.


  • Materials and Methods

    The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur (32°6° N latitude and 76°3° E longitude) situated at an elevation of 1290 m above mean sea level in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh and represents the mid hills sub humid agro climatic zone of Himachal Pradesh in North Western Himalayas, during summer 2015 in naturally ventilated polyhouse. The cucumber cv. Hilton was transplanted on March 21, 2015. Raised strips were laid out as per plan before transplanting and were made with dimensions of 3.0 m length and 0.4 m width. The soil was clay loam and rich in clay content with accumulation of sesquioxide, pH 5.50 and 5.75, bulk density 1.25 and 1.30 Mg m-3 at 0.0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30 m depth, respectively. The mean air temperature varies from 2 °C in January to around 36 °C during the months of May-June. Soil temperature drops as low as 2 °C and frost incidences are common. The relative humidity varies from 46 to 84% and average annual rainfall of the place is about 2500 mm.

    The drip irrigation system was installed in a naturally ventilated polyhouse of 15×7 m2 size. A total of 33 raised strips each of 3×0.4 m2 size were prepared. The average discharge rate from each dripper was 3 it h-1. A fertigation tank system of 30 litre capacity was provided near the electric pumping unit for fertigation. The FYM @ 1 kg m-2 was applied to all the treatments. In conventional method, urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash were used whereas, in fertigation treatments, water soluble fertilizers such as 19:19:19, 0:0:50, 12:61:0 and urea were applied through drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications of two irrigation and fertigation treatment combinations. The irrigation and fertigation treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (I2 and I4 designated as 2 lt m-2 and 4 lt m-2 daily, respectively) and five fertigation levels; (F1) 50% of recommended NPK doses 1/3rd N and full P, K applied as basal and 2/3rd  N through fertigation+Azotobacter (Azo)+PSB and 5% cow-urine, (F2) 100% of recommended NPK doses 1/3rd N and full P, K applied as basal and 2/3rd  N through fertigation+ Azotobacter (Azo)+ PSB and 5%cow-urine, (F3) 50% of recommended NPK doses 1/4th N, P and K applied as basal and 3/4th NPK through fertigation+Azotobacter (Azo)+PSB and 5%cow-urine, (F4) 100% of recommended NPK doses 1/4th N, P and K applied as basal and 3/4th  NPK through fertigation+ Azotobacter (Azo)+ PSB and 5%cow-urine, (F5) 100% of recommended NPK doses of fertilizer applied through water soluble fertilizers (RDF= 100:50:60) and Farmers’ practice (FYM @ 1 kg m-2+10 g m-2 IFFCO(12:32:16)+2g lt-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at rates 2 lt m-2 daily).There were 11 treatment combinations. The treatment combinations were as follows:

    T1 - F1I2, T2-  F1I4, T3-  F2I2, T4- F2I4, T5-  F3I2, T6-  F3I4, T7- F4I2, T8- F4I4, T9- F5I2, T10- F5I4, T11 - Farmers’ Practice.


    The inorganic fractions of N aliquot were prepared. For preparation of hydrolysate, 3 g of soil was shaken with 30 ml of 2N KCl for 1 hr and filtered. Then the extract was stored in refrigerator and was further used for extraction of inorganic fractions viz., NH4-N and NO3-N as per the method given by Black (1965). Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) was determined by Fumigation-extraction method as per the procedure given by Vance et al. (1987). The ureases and phosphatases activity was determined by colorimetric method (Tabatabai and Bremner, 1972).


  • Result and Discussion

    3.1. Inorganic fractions of nitrogen

    Inorganic fractions of nitrogen comprised ammonical (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) forms of N and are discussed below:

    3.1.1. NH4-N

    Application of chemical fertilizers alone or in conjunction with FYM increased the NH4-N content of soil significantly over farmers’ practice (Table 2). It varied from 26.8 and


    25.0 mg kg-1 in T11 to 37.2 and 36.6 mg kg-1 in treatment T4 at 0–0.15 and 0.15–0.30 m soil layer, respectively. The NH4-N content in the treatments (T4 and T3) comprising with I2 and I4 were significantly superior to that recorded under farmers’ practice T11 at both soil layer level. In general, NH4-N contents in farmers’ practice were lower as compared to all the treatments at 0–0.15 m and 0.15–0.30 m depth. Farmers’ practice was significantly inferior to rest of the treatments. As compared to the buffer plots, all the plots receiving chemical fertilizers along with organic source, bio-fertilizer and cow urine recorded higher ammonical-N content than the plots without organic and bio-fertilizers application. The increase in the FYM applied soil which enhances the decomposition of organic material and mineralization/ammonification of organic-N might have contributed NH4-N in soil. Due to chemical fertilizers application, increase in content is due to hydrolysis of nitrogenous fertilizers that resulted in the release of ammonium ions in soil. These results are in close conformity with the findings of Bhardwaj et al. (1994), Guldekar and Ingle (2009), Babita (2010), Singhal et al. (2012) and Subehia and Dhanika (2013).

    3.1.2.  NO3-N                        

    In table 2presented data reveal that the nitrate-N content of soil differed significantly under different treatments. The range of variation was from 22.1 and 18.9 mg kg-1 under farmers’ practice T11 to 33.0 and 30.3 mg kg-1 under treatment T4 at 0–0.15 m and 0.15–0.30 m, respectively. The treatment T4 increased the nitrate-N content numerically over all the treatments but statistically at par with treatments T1, T2, T5, T6 and T11 at 0–0.15 m and 0.15–0.30 m depth. Application of fertilizers @ 100% RDF through fertigation and basal both combined increased the NO3-N contents significantly higher overall the treatments. When different treatments were compared with initial value, NO3-N contents were found higher in all the treatments except farmers’ practice (T11) in surface soil (0.0–0.15 m) and subsurface soil (0.15–0.30 m). Increase in NO3-N content may be ascribed to the nitrification of NH4- N to NO3-N by soil microorganisms Prasad and Rokima, 1991; Santhy et al., 2001; Munoz et al., 2003; Babita, 2010.

    3.2.  Urease activity

    3.2.1.  Surface soil

    The data presented in the Table 3 shows that organic source of nutrient with bio-fertilizers and cow urine application significantly affected the urease activity in surface soil with inorganic source of nutrients. Amongst all the treatments the highest urease activity (22.1 µg g-1 min-1) was recorded under the treatment where 100% RDF (1/3 N, full P & K as basal ) 2/3 N through fertigation+Azo+PSB+cow urine were applied along with 2 lt m-2 daily irrigation level. This might be due to the fact that better soil biological and physical condition due to the addition of organic nutrients, cow urine increased the continuity of conversion of nutrients from organic to inorganic form because it increases urease activity by urease enzyme; it acts on C-N bonds other than peptide bonds in linear amides. However, lowest urease activity was recorded under treatment where farmers’ practices were followed. When compared to initial status, all the treatments gave numerically higher urease activity. It was increased in all the treatments from the initial status on surface soil samples.

    3.2.2.  Subsurface soil

    A perusal of the data presented in the table 3 shows that the effect of fertigation and organic nutrient source significantly affected the urease activity in subsurface soil in all the treatments. The highest urease activity was recorded in the treatment T3;100 % RDF (1/4N, P and K as basal) 3/4N through fertigation+Azo+PSB+cow urine 2 lt m-2 daily irrigation level. This might be due to conversion of nutrients from organic to inorganic form because it acts on C-N bonds other than peptide bonds in linear amides and thus belong to a group of enzymes that include glutominase and amidase. Whereas, the lowest urease activity was recorded under treatment where


    farmers’ practices was followed.

    When compared to initial status, all the treatments gave numerically higher urease activity. In general, in both surface and subsurface soil samples increased the urease activity of soil with increasing soil water content. Similar results were reported by Jaun et al. (2008).

    3.3.  Phosphatase activity

    3.3.1. Surface soil

    The data presented in the table 3 shows that organic source of nutrient, bio-fertilizers and cow urine application significantly affected the phosphatase activity in surface soil. Amongst all the treatment combinations the highest phosphatase activity was recorded under the treatment where 100% RDF (1/3N, full P & K as basal) 2/3N through fertigation+Azo+PSB+cow urine were applied along with 2 l m-2 daily irrigation level. This might be due to the fact that better soil physical condition due to organic manure, application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria which increase the phosphatase activity and addition of bio-fertililizers increased mineralization of nutrients. The supply and availability of additional mineralizable and readily hydrolysable carbon is responsible for higher microbial activity and microbial population. However, lowest (3.53 µg g-1 soil) phosphatase activity was recorded under farmers’ practice.When compared to initial status, all the treatments gave numerically higher phosphatase activity except farmers’ practice. It was increased in all the treatments from the initial status on surface soil samples. Similar results were reported by Bedi et al. (2009); Rai and Yadav (2011); Nath et al. (2012).

    3.3.2.  Subsurface soil

    The data presented in the table 3 shows that similarly results also found in subsurface soil.

    3.4.  Biomass carbon

    3.4.1.  Surface soil

    The result shows that organic source of nutrients and bio-fertilizers significantly affected the biomass carbon in surface soil (Table 3). Amongst all the treatments the highest (81.77 µg g-1 soil) biomass carbon was recorded under the treatment T4 where 100% RDF (1/3N, full P&K as basal) 2/3N through fertigation+Azo+PSB+cow urine were applied along with 2 l m-2 daily irrigation level. This might be due to the fact that better soil physical condition due to better availability of nutrients and more addition of bio-fertililizers and cow urine increased mineralization of nutrients. The supply and availability of additional mineralizable and readily hydrolysable carbon is responsible for higher microbial activity and microbial biomass carbon. However, the lowest (52.05 µg g-1 soil) biomass carbon was recorded under treatment T9.

    The treatments T3 (100% RDF (1/3N, full P&K as basal) 2/3N through fertigation+Azo+PSB+cow urine with 2 l m-2 daily irrigation level) was found statistically at par with treatment T4 (100 % RDF (1/3N, full P&K as basal) 2/3 N through fertigation+ Azo+ PSB +cow urine with 4 lt m-2 daily irrigation level) and significantly different with all other treatments.

    The use of bio-fertilizer, FYM and cow urine recorded significantly higher biomass carbon as compared to only 100% RDF through fertigation. This might be due to the fact that readily available carbon fraction of compost supported the development of microbial population and proper moisture level increase soil microbial carbon biomass. The basal application of fertilizers also increases availability of nutrient and carbon biomass and similar result reported by Datt et al. (2013).

    When compared to initial status, all the treatments gave significantly higher biomass carbon. The biomass carbon increased from its initial value in all the sources of nutrients applied. The application of organic source of nutrients, make soil micro flora and fauna more active that resulted in an increase in the biomass carbon. Similar results were also reported by Kukreja et al. (1991) and Ghoshal and Singh (1995).

    3.4.2.  Subsurface soil         

     The data presented in the table 3 shows that organic nutrient source and bio-fertilizers significantly affected the biomass carbon in subsurface soil and followed similar trend as surface soil. Similar results were also reported by Selvi et al. (2004), Gogoi et al. (2010); Nath et al. (2012).


  • Conclusion

    Treatment T4 revealed higher inorganic N forms and biological properties of soil compared to other treatments. While comparing the treatments, it is found that cow urine at 5% concentration resulted in higher urease activity. The application of organic source of nutrients, make soil micro flora and fauna more active that result in an increase of the biomass carbon. While comparing the treatments, it is found that treatments with PSB addition resulted in higher phosphatase activity than the treatments without PSB addition.


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Cite

1.
Kumar S, Datt N, Singh M, Kurbah I. Changes in Chemo-Enzymatic properties of Soil under Different Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels with Cow Urine and Biofertilizers in Protected Condition IJBSM [Internet]. 07Dec.2017[cited 8Feb.2022];8(1):767-772. Available from: http://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1022

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